Ulcerative colitis(UC)and Crohn disease(CD)have similarities and differences in clinical manifestations and pathological changes etc.Previously believed to have unknown reasons,after researching and reviewing literature,the research team found that the levels of serum 1,3-β-D-glucan(BDG)and endotoxin were significantly increased in the patients with active UC and CD,and were positively correlated with the severity of the disease,was closely related to traditional Chinese medicine syndrome types and their evolutionary patterns.BDG is the main component of fungal cell wall.Therefore,it is believed that both diseases are caused by invasive fungal infections and endotoxemia;Candida albicans has weak pathogenicity and can damage blood vessels together with endotoxins,causing superficial ulcers and hematochezia.Both are the causes of UC.Malassezia has strong invasion ability,can release toxins and penetrate the intestinal wall,causing CD lesions such as fissure like deep ulcers,epithelioid granulomas,fistula formation,and perianal abscesses etc.It can involve the entire digestive tract and beyond,often damaging lymphatic vessels and mesenteric lymph nodes.Endotoxins are toxic and immunogenic,and are potent pro-inflammatory agents that can cause inflammation,immune dysfunction,microcirculatory disorders,cell apoptosis,pyroptosis,autophagy,and genetic abnormalities leading to tumors etc..
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