Forgiveness is a property of a drug maintaining its therapeutic efficacy even if one or more doses are missed.It is an inherent function of a drug's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.Generally,a drug may be forgiving if it has long half-life or duration of action.Non-adherence is a common event in real-world settings.Therefore choosing a drug with higher for giveness can greatly boost the probability of successful attaining treatment targets.This review introduced the concept of forgive-ness and highlighted its difference with adherence.After reviewing existing evaluation metrics of forgiveness based largely upon pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics,a summary of research methods was provided with advantages and disadvantages of each study.Lastly practical examples of how forgiveness is applied in the realm of drug development,formulation modification and therapeutic regimen optimization were summarized for guiding future researches on developing new drugs and rational drug dosing.
forgivenesspharmacokineticspharmacodynamicsmodeling and simulationcompliancedrug development
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