民事主体与商事主体在《民法典》适用中的应然区分
李大何1
作者信息
摘要
民事主体与商事主体即使在民商合一的立法体例下,也会体现出某些不同之处.就我国《民法典》来看,某些规范制度尚存在理解与适用上的困惑.《民法典》在区分营利法人与非营利法人的标准上有所遗漏,仅仅以目的作为区分标准不能穷尽所有法人,甚至会在对法人的具体管理上产生混乱.应采用更加科学的法人"法律结构+目的"的划分方式.在格式合同的规制方面,应以商事主体与民事主体的区分而有所不同,在司法实践中应当放松对商事主体之间交易的规制,并严格规制民事主体与商事主体之间的格式合同交易.在非法人组织中,应区分经营性非法人组织与非经营性非法人组织,从而避免非经营性非法人组织的设立人或者成员承担无限连带责任,否则将使非经营性非法人组织失去存在的动力,进而影响文化与社会生活的正常运行.在违约金司法调整的问题上,最高人民法院将事先排除请求司法酌减的约定规定为无效,尽管有很多理由,但一刀切的方式在个案的处理上缺乏弹性,可能并不适合于全部案件,在实践中应区分民事主体与商事主体而实施不同的政策,对于商事主体之间事先关于排除请求司法调整的约定更多地予以尊重,应当根据具体的案件并结合实际损失与违约金约定数额是否严重失衡来决定是否调整,避免轻易调整,以便更好地协调意思自治与公平的关系.
Abstract
Even under the legislative system of civil and commercial integration,civil and commercial subjects still exhibit certain differences.With regard to China's Civil Code,there is confusion in understanding and application of some normative systems.There are some omissions in the Civil Code in distinguishing between profit-making and non-profit legal persons.The simply distinguishing of legal persons by purposes cannot exhaust all legal persons,and even leads to confusion in the specific management.It is more scientific to adopt the method of"legal structure+purpose"to divide legal persons.In terms of regulating standard contracts,distinctions should be made between commercial and civil subjects.Judicial practice should relax regulations on transactions between commercial subjects,while strictly regulating standard contract transactions between civil and commercial subjects.For unincorporated organizations,business and non-business unincorporated organizations should be distinguished,so that founders or members of non-business unincorporated organizations do not bear unlimited joint and several liability,otherwise non-business unincorporated organizations will lose their motivation for existence and thus affect cultural and social life.With regard to the issue of judicial adjustment of liquidated damages,although there are many reasons for the Supreme People's Court to stipulate that the agreement to exclude the request for judicial adjustment in advance is invalid,the one-size-fits-all approach lacks flexibility in practice,and different policies should be implemented for civil and commercial subjects in practice.For agreement between commercial subjects in advance exclude the request for judicial adjustment,more respect should be given,and whether to adjust or not should be decided according to the specific case and whether the actual loss and the stipulated amount of liquidated damages are seriously out of balance.Courts should not readily adjust liquidated damages to better coordinate the relationship between autonomy of will and fairness.
关键词
民事主体/商事主体/违约金/非法人组织/格式合同Key words
civil subject/commercial subjected/damages/unincorporated organization/standard contract引用本文复制引用
出版年
2025
NETL
NSTL
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