Synthesis and tissue distribution of bufadienolides in Bufo bufo gargarizans
This study explored the biosynthesis of bufadienolides(BDs)in Bufo bufo gargarizans to solve the dilemma of the de-creasing resources of B.bufo gargarizans and provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable utilization of the resources.Ultra-high per-formance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS)was employed to detect the synthesis sites of BDs in B.bufo gargarizans,and the results were verified by desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging(DESI-MSI)and homogenate incubation experiments.BDs in B.bufo gargarizans had the highest content in the liver and the highest concentration in the gallbladder,in addition to the parotid gland and skin,which suggested that the liver could synthesize BDs.The results of DESI-MSI also showed that BDs were mainly enriched in the liver rather than the immature parotid gland.The incubation experiment of liver homogenates demonstrated the liver of B.bufo gargarizans had the ability to synthesize BDs.This study showed that the liver was a ma-jor organ for the synthesis of BDs in B.bufo gargarizans during metamorphosis,development,and growth,which provided strong theo-retical support for the biosynthesis of BDs and the sustainable utilization of B.bufo gargarizans resources.
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