Surgery for biliary tract cancer(BTC)is characterized by technical difficulty,high mor-bidity,and poor prognosis.Establishing the surgical standards for BTC is crucial for a better quality of medi-cal care,prolonged survival,and improved prognosis.The surgical standards for BTC consist of preoperative evaluation,preoperative management,and surgical procedures.In preoperative evaluation and management,the fashions of preoperative biliary drainage and the strategies for liver remnant enlargement remain contro-versial.In surgical procedures,the appropriate extent of liver resection,the management of bile duct mar-gins,the indication of vascular resection and reconstruction,and the extent of lymphadenectomy remain debated.More insights into these controversies contribute to better surgical standards.
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