"mDo-smad sTong-dpon":The First Local Authority in Kham Areas Established by the Yuan Dynasty—From the Legend of the Sa-dmar Dynasty
In Detuo Village,Shama Township,Baiyu County,Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture today,there are not only historical ruins called the"Sa-dmar Dynasty"by the local people,but also many legends on the re-lationship between the"Sa-dmar Dynasty"and the family of Dege Chieftain.To clarify this issue,this paper con-ducted a systematic and comprehensive study based on on-site investigations and relevant records in both Chi-nese and Tibetan historical documents.In the Yuan Dynasty,bSod-nams Rin-chen from the Dege family was appointed as the chief attendant of Phags-pa and on the recommendation of Phags-pa,he was canonized as the"mDo-smad stong-dpon"by the Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan,and became the local ruler of thousand households in the mDo-smad area,that is,the legendary"Sa-dmar Dynasty".Based on an analysis of relevant historical doc-uments and background,this paper believes that the exact time of establishment of the"Sa-dmar Dynasty",or in other words,the time when bSod-nams Rin-chen was granted the title of"mDo-smad stong-dpon"was in the year of 1264.It was not only the first local authority established by the central government of the Yuan Dynasty in Kham areas,but also the root from which the family of Dege Chieftain developed into the largest power in the northern part of Kham areas.Although the Yuan Dynasty only established the"Tufan and other Pacification Commissions and Chief Military Commands"to govern the Kham areas in the year of 1325,the administrative system in the Kham areas began as early as in the year of 1264.Therefore,being the first local authority in Kham areas established by the central government of the Yuan Dynasty,the"mDo-smad stong-dpon"had a sym-bolic significance in the establishment of the administrative system in Kham areas during the Yuan Dynasty.
Sa-dmar DynastyCentral government of the Yuan DynastyPhags pamDo-smad stong-dponDege Chieftain
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