The Transformation and Reconstruction of the Local Monastery Management System in Gansu and Qinghai in the Mid-Qing Dynasty—Taking Xining as an Example
In the middle of the Qing Dynasty,the local monastery management system in Gansu and Qinghai went through a process of transformation and reconstruction.In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,most Gel-ug monasteries established a system of"integration of politics and religion".However,with the clear religious po-sitioning of"Fan(Tibetan)monastery"and the introduction of a series of restrictions during the reigns of em-perors Yongzheng and Qianlong,the monastery and its originally affiliated tribes gradually"detached"and trans-formed into a relatively independent social governance unit.In response to this change,the monastery has not on-ly established a relatively perfect management system to ensure the stability of internal order,but also actively accumulated independent monastery property and directly participated in local development and trade activi-ties.Inside the monastery,the implementation of unified rituals,the regular holding of monks'conferences and Dharma meetings,and the transmission of the history of the monastery have enhanced the monks'sense of identi-ty and belonging to the monastery.In the face of the influence of external factors,the identity awareness of monks as members of the monastery is prominent,which has become the organizational basis for collective action.Taking the monasteries around Xining as an example,their strategies such as the selection of mKhan-po,the management of monastery property and the shaping of the monk community all show the important role of Gelug monasteries in the social changes of Gansu and Qinghai in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.
Monastery managementIntegration of politics and religionMonastery propertyClothes and foodTa'er Monastery
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