Role of mineral elements in intervertebral disc degeneration
Low back pain caused by intervertebral disc degeneration(IDD)is the main cause of disability.Discs are the largest avascular tissue in humans,and the exchange efficiency of nutrient supply and waste discharge in discs is largely limited,which aggravates IDD progression.Mineral elements are important components of the nutrient cycle and tissue integrity,fulfilling a wide variety of biological functions in cell metabolism and the stress response.Deficiency or excessive accumulation of certain elements has been observed in degenerated disc cells and tissues.Mechanistically,mineral elements influence multiple biological processes,including redox reactions,hydrolase activi-ty,osmotic pressure,inflammatory responses,transcriptional activity and autophagic activity.Therefore,we examined the key evidence and current advances that elucidate the roles of mineral elements in the disc degenerative process and consider how changes in individual elements contribute to protective and detrimental effects on disc cell function.Fur-ther understanding of the functional and synergistic mechanisms of mineral elements in disc cells may provide useful clues for developing therapeutic strategies for IDD.
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