Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in men,with prognosis closely related to disease stage.Current treatments primarily focus on androgen receptor pathway inhibition,but the emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer poses challenges to traditional therapies.In recent years,studies on the tumor microenvironment and novel targeted drugs(such as AR-degrading PROTAC drugs)have offered new therapeutic hopes.Meanwhile,abnormalities in the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase(PI3 K)/protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathway are considered major drivers of prostate cancer progression,and therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway are under ex-ploration.Additionally,immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy,radiotherapy,and other traditional treatments has provided new directions for castration-resistant prostate cancer by enhancing immunogenic cell death and reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment.Future research should focus on molecu-lar mechanism analysis,precision medicine,and individualized treatment to bring further breakthroughs in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.
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