Interpretation and Reconstruction:On the Development of the Sacrifice of Wudi during Wei,Jin,Sui and Tang Dynasties under the Perspective of Intellectual History
As a whole set of knowledge,the theory and practice of jiaosi(the Suburban Sacrifice)have been interpreted and reconstructed continuously,and kept developing in the Middle Ages.Zheng Xuan and Wang Su provided Confucian doctrinal explanations for the identities of wudi,they also constructed a three-tier deities system,tian—wudi—other deities.Over the next few hundred years,the comprehension and application of their theories has been quite biased.In the the Southern Dynasties,their theories were respectively reduced to"six heavens theory",which equated wudi with haotian and was used in the rituals of mingtang,yingqi,yusi,as well as"one heaven theory",which equated wudi with deities and was used in the southern suburban rituals.These misunderstanding could not handle the memorial tablets of wudi placed on the alter.The sacrificial systems in Sui and Tang dynasties integrated the traditions of Southern and Northern Dynasties,consciously adjusted the status of wudi.Eventually,Kai Yuan Li made a compromise between previous sacrificial systems,confirmed the dual identity of wudi(they were both emperors and deputies of tian),and established a three-tier sacrificial structure that consisted of haotian,wudi,and other deities.Although the system in Kai Yuan Li was very close to the theories of Zheng Xuan and Wang Su,actually it was not directly derived from them,but the product of multiple interpretations and reconstructions.
Wudi(the Five Emperors)Sacrifice Theories from Zheng Xuan and Wang SuJiaosi(the Suburban Sacrifice)
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