System,Academia and Political Struggle:On the Culture and Politics in the Transition Period from Yongzheng to Qianlong from the Bo-Xue Hong-Ci Examination in Early Qianlong Period
Obtained the qualification for nomination,entered the capital for the examination,and then been selected or not selected,the candidates who participated in the Bo-Xue Hong-Ci Examination(博学鸿词科)held in the first year of the Qianlong reign passed through different stages and showed different states of mind,which have reflected their understanding of the examination.Analyzed from the perspective of the candidates,the examination was at a crossroads of institutional history,academic history and political history,and researchers could take this opportunity to see the many facets of the history of the early Qianlong period.The selection and examination process demonstrated the mutual interaction between the local societies and the imperial court.A few changes of the examination has caused debate between the candidates and the court about the concept"Bo-Xue Hong-Ci'(博学鸿词),which proved the strong position of the study of poetry and prose(ci zhang zhi xue;词章之学)at that time.Moreover,a trend of the public opinion to depreciate Zhang Tingyu(张廷玉)and praise Ortai(鄂尔泰)has made the examination become one of the battlegrounds of the party struggle at the court.
the Bo-Xue Hong-Ci Examination(博学鸿词科)Zheng Shi(recluse征士)Poetry and ProseZhang Tingyu
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