Research progress on the manifestations prevention and treatment of immune-related adverse events in the neuro-ophthalmic efferent system related to immune checkpoint inhibitors
Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICI),as a new type of targeted therapeutic drugs,have demonstrated durable efficacy in cancer treatment.However,some patients receiving ICI treatment may be affected by immune-related adverse events(irAE).Compared with irAE in skin tissues,gastrointestinal system,etc.,irAE in the neuro-ophthalmic efferent system are relatively rare.The reported irAE in the neuro-ophthalmic efferent system mainly include myasthenia gravis,orbital extraocular myositis,thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy-like conditions,internuclear ophthalmoplegia,Miller-Fisher syndrome,and cranial nerve adverse events.Exploring the possible mechanisms and potential intervention measures of irAE in the neuro-ophthalmic efferent system is crucial for predicting the risk of irAE in patients,formulating preventive measures,and implementing more effective clinical treatments.This review aims to summarize the occurrence mechanisms,clinical features,and prevention and treatment measures of irAE in the neuro-ophthalmic efferent system,so as to assist ophthalmologists and oncologists in the early diagnosis and management of such patients.
Immune checkpoint inhibitorsDrug-related side effects and adverse reactionsOphthalmoplegiaMiller Fisher syndromeMyasthenia gravis
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