目的 分析冷球蛋白血症患者临床及实验室结果特征。 方法 横断面研究。收集2017年7月至2023年3月在北京协和医院确诊为冷球蛋白血症的202例患者的临床资料及实验室结果，包括年龄、性别、首诊临床表现、病因诊断、血清冷球蛋白定性和定量、补体3、补体4结果，以及25例患者的肾脏病理结果。根据冷球蛋白的种类，将冷球蛋白血症分为3型，比较不同类型冷球蛋白血症临床及实验室结果特征的差异。 结果 202例冷球蛋白血症患者中，Ⅰ型62例（30.7%），Ⅱ型58例（28.7%），Ⅲ型82例（40.6%）。按照病因分类：原发性冷球蛋白血症56例，继发于自身免疫性疾病76例，肿瘤相关疾病29例，感染性疾病52例。202例患者常见的首诊临床表现为皮肤损害（124例，61.4%）和肾脏损害（87例，43.1%）相关的临床症状，其次为关节痛和/或关节炎（50例，24.8%）、周围神经病变（33例，16.3%）、乏力（28例，13.9%）、发热（23例，11.4%）。不同类型冷球蛋白血症患者临床症状有一定差异，29.0%（18/62）Ⅰ型患者出现乏力症状，高于Ⅱ型（10.3%，6/58）和Ⅲ型（4.9%，4/82）（P均<0.05）；56.9%（33/58）Ⅱ型和52.4%（43/82）Ⅲ型患者出现肾脏损害，高于Ⅰ型患者（17.7%，11/62）（P均<0.05）；仅4例（4.9%，4/82）Ⅲ型患者出现周围神经病变症状，低于Ⅰ型（17.7%，11/62）和Ⅱ型（31.0%，18/58）（P均<0.05）。Ⅲ型冷球蛋白血症患者冷球蛋白定量为122（82，177）mg/L，低于Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型［分别为695（229，3499）、350（107，1874）mg/L，P均<0.001］。42.6%（86/202）的患者出现补体3下降，49.0%（99/202）的患者出现补体4下降。冷球蛋白肾损害的肾脏病理表现主要包括膜增生性肾小球肾炎（36.0%，9/25）和毛细管内增生性肾小球肾炎（32.0%，8/25）。 结论 皮肤和肾脏损害的相关症状是冷球蛋白血症最常见的临床表现。不同类型冷球蛋白血症患者其临床表现有一定差异，近半数的冷球蛋白血症患者出现血清补体下降。 Objective To analyze the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with cryoglobulinemia. Methods It is a cross-sectional study. The patients diagnosed with cryoglobulinemia in our hospital were enrolled from July 2017 to March 2023. The baseline information of patients, included age, gender, qualitative, and quantitative results of serum cryoglobulins, initial clinical manifestations, etiology, serum complement 3 and 4, and the renal pathological manifestations. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with different types of cryoglobulinemia were analyzed. Results There were 62 patients (30.7%) with type Ⅰ cryoglobulinemia, 58 patients (28.7%) with type Ⅱ cryoglobulinemia, and 82 patients (40.6%) with type Ⅲ cryoglobulinemia enrolled in this study. Among these patients, 56 of primary cryoglobulinemia, 76 of autoimmune diseases, 29 of tumor-related diseases, and 52 of infectious diseases were observed. Clinical symptoms related to skin lesions (124 cases, 61.4%) and kidney damage (87 cases, 43.1%) were the most common initial clinical manifestations and arthralgia/arthritis (50 cases, 24.8%), peripheral neuropathy (33 cases, 16.3%), fatigue (28 cases, 13.9%), fever (23 cases, 11.4%) were also observed in some patients. The clinical symptoms varied in different types of cryoglobulinemia. 29.0% patients (18/62) with type Ⅰ had fatigue, which was higher than those with type Ⅱ (10.3%, 6/58) and type Ⅲ (4.9%, 4/82) (P<0.05) Kidney damage occurred in 56.9% (33/58) patients with type Ⅱ and 52.4% (43/82) patients with type Ⅲ, which was higher than that in type Ⅰ patients (17.7%, 11/62) (P<0.05) Only 4 patients (4.9%, 4/82) with type Ⅲ had peripheral neuropathy, which was lower than those with type Ⅰ (17.7%, 11/62) and type Ⅱ (31.0%, 18/58) (P<0.05). The quantity of cryoglobulins in patients with type Ⅲ cryoglobulinemia [122 (82, 177) mg/L] was significantly lower than that in patients with type Ⅰ [695(229, 3 499) mg/L] (P<0.001) and type Ⅱ cryoglobulinemia [350 (107, 1 874) mg/L] (P<0.001). Complement 4 decreased in 49.0% (99/202) of patients and complement 3 decreased in 42.6% (86/202) of patients. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (36.0%, 9/25) and endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (32.0%, 8/25) were the main renal pathological manifestations of cryoglobulin nephropathy. Conclusions The most common clinical manifestations of cryoglobulinemia are skin and kidney damage. The clinical manifestations of patients with cryoglobulinemia vary in different types of cryoglobulins. Serum complement decreases in nearly half of cryoglobulinemia patients.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of 202 patients with cryoglobulinemia
Objective To analyze the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with cryoglobulinemia. Methods It is a cross-sectional study. The patients diagnosed with cryoglobulinemia in our hospital were enrolled from July 2017 to March 2023. The baseline information of patients, included age, gender, qualitative, and quantitative results of serum cryoglobulins, initial clinical manifestations, etiology, serum complement 3 and 4, and the renal pathological manifestations. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with different types of cryoglobulinemia were analyzed. Results There were 62 patients (30.7%) with type Ⅰ cryoglobulinemia, 58 patients (28.7%) with type Ⅱ cryoglobulinemia, and 82 patients (40.6%) with type Ⅲ cryoglobulinemia enrolled in this study. Among these patients, 56 of primary cryoglobulinemia, 76 of autoimmune diseases, 29 of tumor-related diseases, and 52 of infectious diseases were observed. Clinical symptoms related to skin lesions (124 cases, 61.4%) and kidney damage (87 cases, 43.1%) were the most common initial clinical manifestations and arthralgia/arthritis (50 cases, 24.8%), peripheral neuropathy (33 cases, 16.3%), fatigue (28 cases, 13.9%), fever (23 cases, 11.4%) were also observed in some patients. The clinical symptoms varied in different types of cryoglobulinemia. 29.0% patients (18/62) with type Ⅰ had fatigue, which was higher than those with type Ⅱ (10.3%, 6/58) and type Ⅲ (4.9%, 4/82) (P<0.05) Kidney damage occurred in 56.9% (33/58) patients with type Ⅱ and 52.4% (43/82) patients with type Ⅲ, which was higher than that in type Ⅰ patients (17.7%, 11/62) (P<0.05) Only 4 patients (4.9%, 4/82) with type Ⅲ had peripheral neuropathy, which was lower than those with type Ⅰ (17.7%, 11/62) and type Ⅱ (31.0%, 18/58) (P<0.05). The quantity of cryoglobulins in patients with type Ⅲ cryoglobulinemia [122 (82, 177) mg/L] was significantly lower than that in patients with type Ⅰ [695(229, 3 499) mg/L] (P<0.001) and type Ⅱ cryoglobulinemia [350 (107, 1 874) mg/L] (P<0.001). Complement 4 decreased in 49.0% (99/202) of patients and complement 3 decreased in 42.6% (86/202) of patients. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (36.0%, 9/25) and endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (32.0%, 8/25) were the main renal pathological manifestations of cryoglobulin nephropathy. Conclusions The most common clinical manifestations of cryoglobulinemia are skin and kidney damage. The clinical manifestations of patients with cryoglobulinemia vary in different types of cryoglobulins. Serum complement decreases in nearly half of cryoglobulinemia patients.
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