摘要
目的 了解上海市嘉定区3～4岁儿童膳食铅暴露水平,评估铅暴露导致的健康风险,为儿童食品安全管理提供依据.方法 基于2023年嘉定区居民膳食与健康状况监测项目,采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,抽取嘉定区12个街道(乡镇)3～4岁儿童为调查对象,采用食物频率问卷收集儿童过去3个月豆类(大豆等干豆、豆腐)、谷物类(小麦、大米)、肉类(畜禽内脏)和水产类(虾蛄、双壳贝类)4大类7小类食品的消费频次、每日摄入量等资料.根据嘉定区食品安全风险监测方案采集食品样品,检测铅含量;采用单因素污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和安全限值(MOS)法定量评估3～4岁儿童膳食铅暴露健康风险.结果 调查143名3～4岁儿童,其中男童69人,占48.25%;女童74人,占51.75%.共检测食品样品317份,7小类食品样品均有铅检出,所有食品样品铅总检出率为77.29%;水产类的双壳贝类、虾蛄铅检出率较高,分别为98.75%和100.00%.各类食品铅含量均值范围为0.003 4～0.090 7,其中双壳贝类铅含量最高.各类食品铅含量均未超标.7小类食品单因素污染指数范围为0.017 2～0.148 0;内梅罗综合污染指数范围为0.116 5～0.424 4,均<0.7;MOS(均)值范围为0.000 3～0.003 9,合计MOS(均)值为0.012 2;MOS(P95)值范围为0.005 7～0.055 9,合计MOS(P95)值为0.112 4,均<1.结论 嘉定区3～4岁儿童膳食中铅污染等级为安全,污染水平为清洁,对食品安全的影响处于可接受水平;但铅检出率较高,膳食铅暴露主要来源于水产类食品.
Abstract
Objective To investigate the dietary lead exposure level among children aged 3 to 4 years in Jiading Dis-trict,Shanghai Municipality,and assess the health risk caused by lead exposure,so as to provide the basis for the man-agement of children's food safety.Methods Based on the 2023 Dietary and Health Status Surveillance Project in Jiad-ing District,children aged 3 to 4 years from 12 streets(townships)in Jiading District were selected as the subjects us-ing a multi-stage stratified random sampling method.The consumption frequency and daily intake of seven subcategories of four major food groups(beans,tofu),cereals(wheat,rice),meat(animal viscera),and aquatic products(mantis shrimps,bivalves)consumed by children over the past three months were collected using a food frequency question-naire.Food samples were collected according to the food safety risk monitoring plan in Jiading District,and the lead content was detected.The health risks of dietary lead exposure among 3-4-year-old children were quantitatively as-sessed using the single-factor pollution index method,the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method,and the mar-gin of safety(MOS)method.Results A total of 143 3-4-year-old children were surveyed,including 69 boys(48.25%)and 74 girls(51.75%).A total of 317 food samples were tested,and lead was detected in all seven subcategories of food samples,with an overall detection rate of 77.29%.The detection rates of lead in bivalves and mantis shrimps of aquatic products were relatively high(98.75%and 100.00%,respectively).The mean lead content of various foods ranged from 0.003 4 to 0.090 7,with the highest level found in bivalves.The lead content of all food samples did not exceed the standard.The single-factor pollution index of seven subcategories ranged from 0.017 2 to 0.148 0,and the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index ranged from 0.116 5 to 0.424 4,both of which were less than 0.7.The MOS(mean)ranged from 0.000 3 to 0.003 9,with an overall MOS(mean)of 0.012 2.The MOS(P95)ranged from 0.005 7 to 0.055 9,with an overall MOS(P95)of 0.112 4,both of which were less than 1.Conclusions The lead pollution level in the diet among children aged 3 to 4 years in Jiading District is safe and clean,with an acceptable impact on food safety.However,the detection rate of lead is relatively high,and the main source of dietary lead exposure is aquatic products.
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