On the"Ni-GU"in the latter part of imperial examination in Ming and Qing dynasties
The imperial examination of Ming Dynasty attempted to cultivate scholars'pragmatic spirit,so,after the former eight-part essay,some practical literary genres such as Zhi,Gao,Zhao,Biao,Qi were examined in the latter part.The proposition of"Ni-Gu"in this latter part of imperial examination generally derived from historical biographies,requiring scholars to write in the tone of the ancients.Examinees need not only to meditate on the background of historical events,but also to master the vast classics of pre-Qin ancient literature,to learn exquisite parallel styles of the Six Dynasties,and to have the ability to create various types of official documents."Ni-Gu"restores the basic materials of historical biographies in a fictitious form,and is thus a reverse interpretation of historical biographies,hence highly favored by scholars.In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,with the ever-changing times,"Ni-Gu"was endowed with a strong sense of pragmatism and the progressive significance of improving the imperial examination system.As the imperial examination of the Qing Dynasty underwent significant changes,it was difficult for the"Ni-Gu"in the latter part of the exam to continue to be adopted as the standard of selecting talents.During the Qianlong period,preplacing such pragmatic writing with rhythmic poetry gradually led to the vanishment of"Ni-Gu"from the mainstream perspective.
the latter part of imperial examination"Ni-Gu"pragmatic idea
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