In this article,I examine these relativistic views:(1)the bad caused by an alien species can be transformed into good over time;(2)any disturbance that humans impose on nature is similar to natural changes in Nature.The above relativistic views,however,are biased by ignoring the important factor of degree.Human-mediated biological invasions often outpace natural degrees and are therefore bad.Moreover,referring to the three-stage model of biological invasion,the benefits that an alien species might have in the third stage are often based on the harms it would have caused in the second stage,and therefore the evil of the biological invasion cannot be whitewashed.In moral philosophy,according to the the fundamental principles of equality and of proportionality,it can be inferred that,unless otherwise basic interests of humans would be harmed,human beings should not trigger any species migration that would pose an existential threat to any living being in any ecosystem;meanwhile,moral agents cannot shirk their moral responsibilities for their actions by imitating"what may naturally happen in nature".Then,I conclude that moral agents ought to,as much as possible,avoid any human-mediated species migration,and plead guilty to any failure.
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