Effects of picoxystrobin on the development and immune response of Italian honey bee Apis mellifera ligustica larvae
To investigate the effects of picoxystrobin on the development and immune response of Ital-ian honey bee Apis mellifera ligustica larvae,we subjected the larvae to continuous exposure to field-recommended concentrations of picoxystrobin(113,150,225 and 281 mg/L).The survival rate,pupa-tion rate,pupa weight,eclosion rate,and newly-emergence weight were recorded,and the expression levels of development-related genes,nutrient-related genes,and immune-related genes in the larvae fol-lowing fungicide exposure were assessed.The results showed that picoxystrobin exerted a significantly adverse effect on the survival rate,pupa weight,and newly-emergence birth weight of larvae in a concentration-dependent effect.Pupation rate and eclosion rate were also significantly decreased after exposed to picoxystrobin(150,225,and 281 mg/L).Moreover,picoxystrobin induced the expression of ecdysone receptor(Ecr),vitellogenin(Vg),defensin 1(Def1),and hymenoptaecin(Hym)in larvae,with most showing significant differences compared to control group.However,the expression of insulin-like peptide 1(ILP1)decreased in all concentration treatment groups of picoxystrobin.In the 281 mg/L picoxystrobin treatment group,the expression of Api was significantly inhibited,while that of Aba was significantly increased.Additionally,the expression of ILP2 was significantly upregulated in the 225 mg/L and 281 mg/L treatment groups,whileas that of hexamerin 70b(Hex70b)was significantly downregu-lated.Moreover,there was no significant effect of picoxystrobin at other concentrations on apidaecin(Api),abaecin(Aba)and ILP2 in larvae.This study confirmed the chronic toxicity of picoxystrobin to A.mellifera ligustica larvae,indicating that prolonged exposure can disrupt larval growth,development,and immune response.Therefore,the potential risk of picoxystrobin to A.mellifera ligustica should be carefully considered to ensure the safety of bees in pollination practices.
picoxystrobinApis mellifera ligusticalarvagrowth and developmentimmune
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