Ureteral stenosis can be caused by congenital or secondary causes,including open or endoscopic surgery,calculi,trauma etc.Iatrogenic injury is the main cause of ureteral stenosis,which may lead to many sequelae such as upper urinary tract dilation and kidney pain.If not effectively treated,it can eventually lead to hydronephrosis,urinary tract infection,chronic renal insufficiency,and even renal failure.The treatment of ureteral stricture is a complex challenge for urologists,which can be treated by ureteral stent implantation,balloon dilation etc.In addition,except for the above treatment,ureteral stenosis can also be repaired by end-to-end ureteral anastomosis,bladder flap ureteroplasty etc.Meanwhile,ureteral reconstruction using self patch has become increasingly popular in recent years.And with the advancement of laparoscopic technology,urological surgeons can combine laparoscopic ureteral repair and reconstruction,with the advantages of early recovery,reducing blood loss and pain.This article reviews the common surgical methods in clinic.
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