Compared with the mainstream modern view,Cicero's version of"dignitas"is statically"higher-order"and dynamically"upward".Early Cicero used the concept of dignitas mainly in the political sphere,developing a kind of"meritocracy"in pursuit of political excellence within the framework of the classical republic.In the later period,Cicero argued for the qualification of"dignitas"by focusing on the inner virtue cultivation of human beings,and logically derived a kind of"perfectionism"which promoted rational self-discipline and sublimation of personality.In its orientation,Cicero's concept of"dignitas"gives greater prominence to moral obligations,and has little to do with claims to individual rights to be free from unjustified interference.
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