摘要
农业用水特征在一定程度上反映区域经济与农业状况、水资源环境与管理水平等.本文回顾了1950年以来华北地区农业用水情况.以1980年和2000年为时间节点,可划分3个阶段:①地表水为主、粗放灌溉阶段.农业用水量持续上升,农业供水主要依赖地表水;②地下开采持续增长阶段.农业用水量和比重均下降,地下水开采量不断增加;③节水灌溉深入发展阶段,用水矛盾加剧,节水灌溉农业深化.分析华北地区农业供水情况表明:未来农业供水将进一步紧缩.针对上述情况,提出以下政策建议:调整作物结构;发展综合农业节水措施;山东、河南应积极开发浅层地下水资源;污水资源化,利用地下微成水,增加灌溉水源;在城郊和经济条件好的地区,大力发展喷灌、微灌技术.
Abstract
The utilization of agricultural water reflects the regional economies, agricultural conditions, the water resources environment and the management level to a great extent. The water resources in North China, the important grain production base, are characterized by less water quota per person & per hectare, high utilization rate and efficiency of water resources, and many serious water related environmental problems. This paper reviewed the agricultural water situations of the North China plain (five provinces/cities) from 1949, the beginning of the P.R.China, under climate change and high intensive water development and utilization activities. Taking the year 1980 and 2000 as the time nodes, the agricultural water supply in the study region can be divided into three development periods as the following: 1) Extensive surface water-based flooding irrigation stage. During this period, agricultural water supply dominated by surface water and increased persistently. 2) Ground water withdrawal stage. During this period, groundwater withdrawal increased and the total agricultural due to soil salinization and less available surface water, and the proportion of groundwater supply of agricultural water consumption decreased because of urbanization and industrialization. Relatively the water supply environment was fine. 3) Water-saving irrigation and demand control stage. The agricultural water supply was constrained due to serious water shortage as economy developing, High efficiency agricultural water use was gradually enhanced. Analyzing the situation of agricultural water supply in North China, it showed that: the groundwater supply will be strictly limited to prevent excessive extraction; upstream water use make local surface water scare for supply; more further, it is impossible to increase agricultural water supply through "south-north water diversion" project. Thus, in the future, agriculture water supply will be further tightened. According to the results above, the policy recommendations are put forward as the following: firstly, adjust crop structure, and compress the area of winter wheat; secondly, make full use of precipitation and soil water, and develop an integrated agricultural measures on water-saving; thirdly, develop well irrigation in rich shallow groundwater resources region such as Shandong and Henan province; fourthly, take use of brackish ground water and waste water to increase irrigation water supply; fifthly, implement micro-irrigation technique such as sprinkling irrigation, drip irrigation in urban and the areas with good economic conditions.
基金项目
科技部国际科技合作专项(2006DFA21890)
NETL
NSTL
维普
万方数据