[目的]长江上游地区的生态环境对气候变化和人类活动十分敏感，实施可持续的生态环境保护政策有助于保障生态服务和资源的持续供给，促进社会经济发展与生态环境保护的协调发展。青海省地理位置特殊、自然资源丰富，其生态环境保护经验可为长江上游地区提供重要的示范和引领作用。因此，本文系统梳理青海省生态环境保护政策演变特征并揭示其存在问题，对政策制定和政策效益提升具有借鉴作用，可为长江上游地区相关政策的体制机制建设提供改进方向。[方法]基于ROST Content Mining System V6。0软件，对1998-2022年发布的95份青海省生态环境保护政策进行文本挖掘和量化分析。[结果]青海省生态环境保护政策的总体演变趋势与整体长江上游地区较为一致，而具体的政策措施与补助变化在长江上游地区中较为特殊。①生态保护起步阶段(1998-2004年)、生态保护与治理阶段(2005-2011年)、生态文明建设阶段(2012-2022年)3个阶段，青海省生态环境保护政策向综合化、系统化方向发展，政策体系、顶层设计不断完善。②政策中实施的生态治理措施的类型和数量不断增加，其中应用最多的是禁牧、草畜平衡等管理措施。政策补助的类型、来源和对象逐渐多元化，补助标准不断提高。政策实施效益从以生态效益为主向生态、经济、社会综合效益转变。③当前，政策存在的主要问题是青海省不同地区间、群体间的补助分配不公平，以及政策宣传培训、监管工作不到位。[结论]注重绿色发展、缩小区域贫富差距是长江上游地区生态环境保护政策改进的重点方向。应提高各级政府及相关部门的政策监管能力，将公众宣传培训、生态环境监测评估、公职人员考核奖惩工作落实到位;还应加强长江上游各省份生态环境保护工作的横向合作，促进青海省相关政策经验在整个长江上游地区的推广实施。
Stages and characteristics of evolution of ecological environment protection policies in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River:Taking Qinghai Province as an example
[Objective]The ecological environment in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River(URYR)is highly sensitive to climate change and human activities.Implementing eco-environment protection policies helps to ensure the sustainable supply of ecological services.Qinghai Province is located in the alpine grassland and has abundant natural resources.Therefore,systematically analyzing the changes of policy characteristics of Qinghai Province and revealing their problems can serve as a reference for enhancing policy effectiveness,and can provide directions for the construction of policy system in the URYR.[Methods]We conducted text mining and quantitative analysis of 95 eco-environment protection policies issued from 1998 to 2022 in Qinghai Province based on the ROST Content Mining System V6.0 software.[Results]The overall trend of eco-environment protection policies in Qinghai Province is relatively consistent with the URYR,while the changes of policy measures and subsidies are relatively unique.(1)In the three stages of initial ecological protection(1998-2004),ecological protection and governance(2005-2011),and ecological civilization construction(2012-2022),the eco-environment protection policies in Qinghai Province have developed towards a comprehensive and systematic direction,and the policy system and top-level design are constantly improving.(2)Over the past 25 years,the types and quantities of ecological restoration measures implemented under the policies have been increasing,with managerial measures such as grazing prohibition and grass-livestock balance being the most widely applied.The types,sources,and objects of policy subsidies have gradually diversified,and the subsidy standards have been constantly raised.(3)At present,the main problems in the policies are the unfair distribution of subsidies in different regions and groups,as well as the inadequate publicity,training,and supervision in the implementation of the policies.[Conclusion]Emphasizing green development and narrowing the regional wealth gaps are the directions for improving eco-environment protection policies in the URYR.It is necessary to improve the policy implementation supervision capabilities of the governments and implement public publicity and training,eco-environment monitoring and evaluation,and assessment and rewards/punishments for public officials.It is also important to strengthen horizontal cooperation about eco-environmental protection among provinces in the URYR,which will help to promote the policy experiences of Qinghai Province throughout the URYR.
ecological protectionpolicy reviewpolicy text analysisecological restoration mea-suresubsidythe upper reaches of the Yangtze RiverQinghai Province
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