From Itinerant Merchants to Sedentary Merchants:Interaction and Integration of Ethnic Han and Mongolian in the Commercial Road-Pass Archives of the Qing Dynasty
The commercial road-pass archives of the Qing Dynasty are precious historical materials left from the long-term interaction and integration process between ethnic Han and Mongolian people.The merchants'identities,types of goods,and information about caravan members in these archives have irreplaceable historical value for studying the interaction and integration of the ethnic Han and Mongolian during the Qing Dynasty.However,no works have been found to organize and research these archives,which thus require further exploration and utilization.This paper selects the commercial road-pass archives of merchants in Alxa and Shuote Banner during the Qing Dynasty,conducts a historical investigation on the phenomenon of merchants changing their names to Mongolian names.The article then makes analysis on the different forms and contents of ethnic Mongolian-Han interaction,exchange and integration manifested during the transition from itinerant to sedentary merchants,so as to reveal the stage characteristics of interaction and integration of ethnic Han and Mongolian in the field of commercial trade.Merchants changing to Mongolian names during the itinerant merchant stage is a necessity for their survival and development in the ethnic Mongolian residential area and a specific manifestation of,exchange,communication and integration of the Han and Mongolian at this stage.When the Han and Mongolian mutually identified with each other in trade,their relationship underwent a fundamental transformation.The Mongolians began to learn about commerce,and a new form of Mongolian-Han joint operation in trade emerged.The Mongolianization of early merchants and the increasing sinicization of Mongolians are demonstrations of mutual identification and integration between the Han and Mongolian people.
merchantsroad-pass archivesethnic Han and Mongolianexchange,communication and integration
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