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从"受命于天"到"内圣外王"——先秦时期君权合法性的理论建构

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商周时期,"受命于天"的观念内含上帝与王者之间的隐秘约定,王者以担当政治责任的承诺,换取上帝的授命.周公强化了这种承诺,并将"畜众"责任拓展为以"敬天保民"为纲领的系统施政原则.春秋时期,"天"被虚化,形成了天意由民意决定的认识,上天(帝)授命实际上转变成人民同意,还出现了"立君为民"和反抗暴君具有正当性的激进主张.墨子尝试重建主宰之天,希望借助鬼神的威慑力推行其政治主张,这一理论建构路径为汉儒所继承.孟子以"天与人归"的命题整合了春秋以来的相关传统,接续孔子将外在的功德之"德"转换为内在的品质之"德","天与"和"人归"就此汇聚于君主的内在德性,"内圣外王"遂成为儒家君权合法性理论的经典表述,并随着后世儒学的意识形态化,逐渐演变成为传统中国社会普遍的政治信念和认知模式.
From"Rule by the Grace of Heaven"(Shou Ming Yu Tian)to"Inner Moral Cultivation and Outer Wise Political Action"(NeiSheng WaiWang):The Theoretical Construction of the Legitimacy of Monarchical Power during the Pre-Qin Period
During Shang and Zhou Dynasties,the concept of"Rule by the Grace of Heaven"(ShouMingYuTian)encapsulated a hidden covenant between the God on High(Di)and emperors(Wang),where monarchs committed to taking on political responsibility in exchange for Heaven's grace and mandate.The Zhou Gong further emphasized this commitment and expanded the duty of"breeding the multiple"into a comprehensive governing principle centered on"respecting the heaven and protecting the people".During the Spring and Autumn period,the understanding of"Heaven"(Tian)became more abstract,suggesting that Heaven's will was determined by the will of the people.The grace and mandate from heaven(Tian),once attributed to the God on High(Di),now shifted to the consent of the people.Additionally,legitimate radical assertions emerged,such as"setting the monarch for the people"and resisting oppressive emperors.Mo Tzu attempted to reconstruct a supreme Heaven(a personified,willful Heaven that governs the destiny of all things)and employed the intimidating influence of spirits and deities to support his political ideas,a theoretical path was later inherited by Han Confucians.Mencius,continuing from Confucius,integrated the relevant traditions from the Spring and Autumn period under the theme of"emperors receive their grace from heaven and the support of the people(Tian Yu RenGui)".He transformed the external virtue of"de"into an internal quality of virtue.Consequently,the foundation of"Heaven's bestowal of blessings"(TianYu)and"people's endorsement"(RenGui)converged on the emperor's inner virtue."Inner Moral Cultivation and Outer Wise Political Action"(NeiSheng WaiWang)thus became a classic representation of Confucian legitimacy theory,and with the ideological evolution of later Confucianism,it gradually transformed into a widely embraced political belief and cognitive framework within traditional Chinese society.

rule by the grace of heavensetting the monarch for the peoplegrace from heaven and the support of the people(TianYu RenGui)inner moral cultivation and outer wise political action(NeiSheng WaiWang)the legitimacy of monarchical power haste makes speed

杨阳

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中国政法大学政治与公共管理学院(北京市,102249)

受命于天 立君为民 天与人归 内圣外王 君权合法性

2024

政治学研究
中国社会科学院 政治学研究所

政治学研究

CSTPCDCSSCICHSSCD北大核心
影响因子：1.461
ISSN：1000-3355
年,卷(期)：2024.(2)