Surgical removal of tumours is critical to cancer treatment, but missing small fragments of cancerous tissue, which can lead to recurrence of tumours - a problem known as 'positive margins' -is a persistent challenge. "It isn't just about removing the tumour - we aim to eliminate cancerous cells as thoroughly as possible while preserving the surrounding healthy tissue," says Ying Mao, a neurosurgeon and vice president of Huashan Hospital in Shanghai, China.