Schnedl, Wolfgang J.Mangge, HaraldSchenk, MichaelEnko, Dietmar...
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查看更多>>摘要：Background and pilot study: Celiac disease (CD) or gluten malabsorption is a well-defined autoimmune disorder characterized by mucosal gastrointestinal reaction to ingested gluten proteins。 The necessary treatment for CD is a gluten-free diet。 However， up to 30% of celiac patients experience persistent or recurring abdominal complaints despite following an exact gluten-free diet。 This condition was named refractory， non-responsive celiac disease。 Other food ingredients， such as carbohydrates and biogenic amines， also influence and impair digestion， and may cause these abdominal symptoms。 In this retrospective pilot study， we have reported on 20 non-responsive， celiac disease patients， with persistent abdominal complaints， for longer than 6 months。 These patients were evaluated for extra food intolerance/malabsorption， including fructose malabsorption， histamine-， lactose intolerance， and Helicobacter pylori (H。p。) infection。
查看更多>>摘要：Tonsils are located mainly at the gateway of the respiratory tract， and are reportedly one of the secondary lymphatic organs of the immune system。 The development of several diseases including IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is associated with inflammatory stimulation and an aberrant immune response of the tonsils。 Several studies have reported an improvement in and/or an increase in the stability of the clinicopathological findings of patients with IgAN post tonsillectomy。 However， the efficacy in and precise mechanism of the alleviation of symptoms of other renal diseases by tonsillectomy remain unknown。 We hypothesize that tonsillectomy may play a potentially therapeutic role in renal diseases apart from IgAN， which are thought to be caused by an impaired regulation of the immune system。
查看更多>>摘要：Three mechanisms have been proposed to account for COVID-19 associated olfactory dysfunction; obstruction of the olfactory cleft; epithelial injury and infection of the sustentacular supporting cells， which are known to express ACE2， or injury to the olfactory bulb due to axonal transport through olfactory sensory neurones。 The absence of ACE2 expression by olfactory sensory neurones has led to the neurotropic potential of COVID-19 to be discounted。
Venkatesh, RameshReddy, Nikitha GurramChhablani, Jay
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查看更多>>摘要：The thickness of the choroid is measured on the optical coherence tomography (OCT) as the distance between the hyperreflective retinal pigment epithelium and the hyperreflective chorio-scleral junction， contributed by the choroidal vessels and choroidal melanocytes。 Our hypothesis is that the amount of absorption and reflectance of the infrared wavelength OCT light by the melanin present in the choroidal melanocytes contribute to the visibility of the choroidal structures and choroidal thickness on OCT。 We explain this hypothesis via two representative cases with choroidal pigmentary abnormalities。 In conclusion， we believe that the optical properties of the melanin in choroid influences choroidal measurements and may lead to inaccurate assessment。 Therefore， further understanding about choroidal pigmentation is necessary before we further adapt choroidal biomarkers in our clinical practice。
查看更多>>摘要：Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the major public diseases which is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance (IR) and progressive pancreatic I3-cell failure。 While in the past few years， some new factors， such as inflammation， oxidative stress， immune responses and other potential pathways， have been identified to play critical roles in T2D， and thereby provide novel promising targets for the treatment of T2D。 Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a non-invasive and convenient operation performed by transient， repeated ischemia in distant place。 Nowadays， RIC has been established as a potentially powerful therapeutic tool for many diseases， especially in I/R injuries。 Through activating a series of neural， humoral and immune pathways， it can release multiple protective signals， which then regulating inflammation， oxidative stress， immune response and so on。 Interestingly， several recent studies have discovered that the beneficial effects of RIC on I/R injuries might be abolished by T2D， wherein the higher basal levels of inflammation and oxidative stress， dysregulation of immune system and some potential pathways secondary to hyperglycemia may play critical roles。 In contrast， a higher intensity of conditioning could restore the protective effects。 Based on the overlapped mechanisms RIC and T2D performs， we provide a hypothesis that RIC may also play a protective role in T2D via targeting these signaling pathways。
查看更多>>摘要：Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic that has affected millions of individuals worldwide。 Prior studies suggest that COVID-19 may be associated with an increased risk for various cardiovascular disorders， such as myocardial injury， arrhythmia， acute coronary syndrome， and venous thromboembolism。 Early reports of non-COVID-19 patients have described the concurrence of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) and spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)。 However， the interplay between COVID-19， TTC and SCAD has not been well established。 We herein propose two sets of two-hit hypotheses for the development of SCAD and TTC in the context of COVID-19。 The first two-hit hypothesis explains the development of SCAD， in which TTCassociated formation of vulnerable coronary substrate serves as the first hit (predisposing factor)， and COVID-19associated inflammation and vascular disruption serves as the second hit (precipitating factor)。 The second two hit hypothesis is proposed to explain the development of TTC， in which SCAD-associated formation of vulnerable myocardial substrate serves as the first hit， and COVID-19-associated sympathetic overactivity serves as the second hit。 Under this conceptual framework， COVID-19 poses a double threat for the development of SCAD (among patients with underlying TTC) as well as TTC (among patients with underlying SCAD)， thereby forming a reciprocal causation。 This hypothesis provides a rationale for the joint assessment of TTC and SCAD in COVID-19 patients with pertinent cardiovascular manifestations。
查看更多>>摘要：Many countries across the globe utilized medical and non-medical facemasks as non-pharmaceutical intervention for reducing the transmission and infectivity of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)。 Although， scientific evidence supporting facemasks' efficacy is lacking， adverse physiological， psychological and health effects are established。 Is has been hypothesized that facemasks have compromised safety and efficacy profile and should be avoided from use。 The current article comprehensively summarizes scientific evidences with respect to wearing facemasks in the COVID-19 era， providing prosper information for public health and decisions making。
查看更多>>摘要：The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires a rapid solution and global collaborative efforts in order to define preventive and treatment strategies。 One of the major challenges of this disease is the high number of patients needing advanced respiratory support due to the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as the lung is the major - although not exclusive - target of the virus。 The molecular mechanisms， pathogenic drivers and the target cell type(s) in SARS-CoV-2 infection are still poorly understood， but the development of a "hyperactive" immune response is proposed to play a role in the evolution of the disease and it is envisioned as a major cause of morbidity and mortality。 Here we propose a theory by which the main targets for SARS-CoV-2 are the Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells and the clinical manifestations of the syndrome are a direct consequence of their involvement。 We propose the existence of a vicious cycle by which once alveolar damage starts in AEC II cells， the inflammatory state is supported by macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization (M1)， cytokines release and by the activation of the NF-kappa B pathway。 If this theory is confirmed， future therapeutic efforts can be directed to target Type 2 alveolar cells and the molecular pathogenic drivers associated with their dysfunction with currently available therapeutic strategies。
NSTL
Elsevier