查看更多>>摘要：Following the decline in Physical Activity (PA) due to COVID-19 restrictions in the form of government mandated lockdowns and closures of public spaces, the modulatory effect of physical exercise on immunity is being heavily revisited. In an attempt to comprehend the wide discrepancy in patient response to COVID-19 and the factors that potentially modulate it, we summarize the findings relating PA to inflammation and immunity. A distinction is drawn between moderate intensity and high intensity physical exercise based on the high lactate production observed in the latter. We hypothesize that, the lactate production associated with high intensity anaerobic exercise is implicated in the modulation of several components of the innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we also summarize these immunomodulatory effects of lactate. These include increasing serum IL-6 levels, the main mediator of cytokine storms, as well as affecting NK cells, Macrophages, Dendritic cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. The implications of high lactate levels in athletic performance are highlighted where athletes should undergo endurance training to increase VO2 max and minimize lactate production. Tumor models of hypoxia were also reported where lactate levels are elevated leading to increased invasiveness and angiogenesis. Accordingly, the novel lactate blocking strategy employed in cancer treatment is evaluated for its potential benefit in COVID-19 in addition to the readily available beta-blockers as an antagonist to lactate. Finally, we suggest the diagnostic/prognostic purpose of the elevated lactate levels that can be determined through sweat lactate testing. It is the detrimental effect of lactate on immunity and its presence in sweat that qualify it to be used as a potential non-invasive marker of poor COVID-19 outcome.
Szilagyi, AndrewSmith, Brian E.Sebbag, NatanelXue, Xiaoqing...
7页
查看更多>>摘要：The inflammatory bowel diseases consisting of Crohn's and ulcerative colitis have expanded into previously low incidence areas of the world. The spread follows the relatively recent pandemic of global obesity. Pathological relations have been proposed between these two diseases. Both inflammatory bowel diseases and obesity originated in wealthier western societies marked by high gross domestic product per capita. The pathogenic influence of national wealth on the inflammatory bowel diseases has been recognized but are less clear with obesity. Parallel correlations of national wealth with obesity would further strengthen relations between these two diseases. Alternatively, diverging relations could suggest that obesity is less dependent on wealth. As such it would supports another earlier hypothesis that obesity depends on adoption of western diet which precedes national acquisition of wealth.
Chesnut, Walter M.MacDonald, ScottWambier, Carlos Gustavo
3页
查看更多>>摘要：We present a hypothesis for increased sugar consumption and a lack of physical exercise as possible determinants of COVID-19 disease severity by impaired glucose metabolism, concurring into a syndemic. National data demonstrate that increased sugar consumption, a high daily caloric intake, and low levels of daily physical activity are independently associated with COVID-19 mortality. Further, genetic factors such as variations in the androgen receptor may compound the effects of an unhealthy lifestyle and increase the risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms in some patients. A diet high in sugar in combination with a low level of physical activity may increase blood glucose levels and impair glucose metabolism. Recent data show that patients admitted to the hospital with high levels of fasting blood glucose are at an increased risk for severe COVID-19 symptoms. Moreover, elevated glucose levels resulted in increased SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in vitro. We believe that healthier habits of diet and exercise, by improving glucose homeostasis could modulate the individual risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms.
Falcao Faria, Clara GitahyWeiner, LuisaPetrignet, JulienHingray, Coraline...
3页
查看更多>>摘要：Several studies have reported that certain psychoactive drugs could have a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we propose that antihistamines (anti-H1) and cationic amphiphilic drugs (CAD), specifically, have the capacity to disrupt virus entry and replication. In addition, several of these molecules have limited side effects and as such could be promising prophylactic candidates against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Ogilvie, MadeleineWallen, Matthew P.Talpey, Scott W.
2页
查看更多>>摘要：Falls prevention in older adults is a targeted priority because a fall can lead to disability, institutionalisation and presents a signficant financial burden. Falls are multifactoral in nature however, impairments in both physical and cognitive functioning have been linked to their occurrence. Currently, testing and exercise training for falls prevention focuses on physical qualities such as balance and strength. Agility is a unique physical quality that couples an individuals perceptual cognitive ability with the ability to produce a quick and accurate movement. Agility is relatively well understood in a sporting context however, its application to falls prevention has been minimal. Because a fall may occur while an individual is perceiving information from the dynamic environment around them while attempting to execute a rapid and accurate movement it is hypothesised that concepts and methods used to assess and train agility in athlete populations can be use to improve practices related to the screening and training to mitigate the risk of a fall in an older adult.
Barr, Alasdair M.Stewart, S. EvelynWhite, Randall F.Honer, William G....
5页
查看更多>>摘要：Evidence supports the fact that clozapine can induce stressful obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS). Although clozapine's robust inhibition of serotonergic neurotransmission is believed to be a key mechanism underlying clozapine-induced OCS, the exact mechanism(s) are not fully understood. Intuitively, it is reasonable to believe that the dose of clozapine is likely related to emergent OCS severity. However, there is conflicting evidence where both positive and inverse relationships have been demonstrated between clozapine dose and emergent OCS severity. Upon examination of clozapine's receptor profile, in particular its affinity for 5-HT2A and D-2 receptors, we hypothesize that there is a biphasic relationship between clozapine dose and emergent OCS severity. We present here a preliminary analysis of published cases in the literature to support our hypothesis.
查看更多>>摘要：Currently, the only available objective measure of functioning of the retinal neuro-vascular unit (NVU) is the flicker retinal vasodilation test (FRVT). The FRVT measures change in retinal vessel diameter after exposure to flickers of light. Unfortunately, it is dependent on a technically adept machine, which is not readily available. In this hypothesis, we propose utilization of 2 commonly available retinal diagnostic tools, the electroretinogram (ERG) and the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy-based fundus auto fluorescence (cSLO-FAF), for performing the FRVT. While the conventional machine based FRVT was performing the flicker luminescence and retinal imaging simultaneously, our hypothesized protocol is dependent on a rapidly performed 2 staged test, the effects of which need to be elicited in a pilot study. As neuroprotection is becoming a therapeutic reality for diseases like diabetic retinopathy, such adaptations may make research and therapy easier.
NSTL
Elsevier