查看更多>>摘要：Microbial growth under extreme conditions is often slow. This is partly because large amounts of energy are diverted into cellular mechanisms that allow survival under hostile conditions. Because this challenge is universal and diversity in extreme environments is low compared to non-extreme environments, slow-growing microorganisms are not overgrown by other species. In some cases, especially when nutrients are scarce, slow growth was even shown to increase stress tolerance. And in at least some species of extremotolerant and extremophilic fungi, growth rate appears to be coupled with their very unusual morphologies, which in turn may be an adaptation to extreme conditions. However, there is more than one strategy of survival in extreme environments. Fungi that thrive in extremes can be divided into (i) ubiquitous and polyextremotolerant generalists and (ii) rarely isolated specialists with narrow ecological amplitudes. While generalists can compete with mesophilic species, specialists cannot. When adapting to extreme conditions, the risk of an evolutionary trade-off in the form of reduced fitness under mesophilic conditions may limit the maximum stress tolerance achievable by polyextremotolerant generalists. At the same time, specialists are rarely found in mesophilic environments, which allows them to evolve to ever greater extremotolerance, since a reduction of mesophilic fitness is likely to have little impact on their evolutionary success. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).
Mukherjee, Prasun K.Mendoza-Mendoza, ArtemioZeilinger, SusanneHorwitz, Benjamin A....
19页
查看更多>>摘要：Trichoderma spp. are widely used as plant disease biocontrol agents in agriculture. Mycoparasitism, which is an ancestral trait of Trichoderma, is one of the most important mechanisms of reducing the pathogen inocula. Mycoparasitism is a complex physiological process that should be viewed in the broad perspective of microbial competition, and involves the production of enzymes and secondary metabolites. Trichoderma spp. have traditionally been viewed as necrotrophic mycoparasites; however, there are evidences that, at least in some instances, they behave as hemibiotrophs, causing minor damage to the host cell wall and having an intracellular existence in the host cell for a significant period. In this review, we cover different aspects of Trichoderma as mycoparasites, ranging from evolution to genomics and interactions with "non-target" fungi. (c) 2021 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：A major challenge for cells lies in their ability to detect, respond and adapt to changing environments that may threaten their survival. Among the numerous evolutionary strategies, cell-to-cell heterogeneity allows the emergence of different phenotypes within a population. This variability in cellular behaviors can be essential for a small fraction of cells to adapt and survive in various environments. Analyses at the single-cell level have allowed to highlight the great variability that is present between cells within an isogenic population. Numerous molecular mechanisms have been uncovered, allowing to understand the emergence and the role of cellular heterogeneity. These attempts at identifying the source of cellular noise have also provided clues for strategies needed to control heterogeneity. In this review, S. cerevisiae is used as an example to illustrate the different factors leading to cell heterogeneity, ranging from intracellular processes to environmental constraints. In addition, some recent strategies developed to modulate cell-to-cell variability are discussed. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
查看更多>>摘要：Natural collagen-based cultural relics such as parchment and leather are susceptible to the storage environment, including temperature, relative humidity, pollutants, and microorganisms, resulting in the deterioration of the main components of collagen, keratin, tannins, lipids, oils and tanning regents. Significant changes might occur in the appearance, composition and internal structure, accompanied by the impaired physical properties such as thermal stability, flexibility, and tensile strength. Biodeterioration is one of the main factors affecting the long-term storage of parchment and leather artifacts, particularly in environments with high relative humidity, due to the proliferation and growth of bacteria or fungi. This review focuses on the common microbial communities on the parchment and leather artifacts. The biodeterioration mechanism is discussed, which will shed light onto the future research of collagen-based cultural relics. (c) 2021 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：Mushroom-forming fungi establish mutual beneficial interactions with plants and degrade organic waste. These fungi also play an important role in human societies to produce mycelium materials, as a source of medicinal compounds, and as food. Bacteria interact with mushroom-forming fungi not only as competitors for nutrients and as pathogens but also to establish beneficial interactions. This review discusses the positive interactions of bacteria during the different stages of the life cycle of the white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus and other highly consumed mushroom-forming fungi. Bacteria are key in forming a selective substrate, in providing nutrients, in stimulating growth and mushroom formation, and in protection against pathogens. Implications for the mushroom industry are being discussed. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).
du Pre, SaskiaDogra, Tanyavan de Sande, Wendy W. J.
10页
查看更多>>摘要：Madurella mycetomatis is the main cause of mycetoma, a chronic, granulomatous skin infection of the subcutaneous tissue. One of the main virulence factors is the formation of grains, which are difficult to treat with the currently available antifungal drugs. Studies have indicated that zinc homeostasis could be an important factor for grain formation. Therefore, in this review the mechanisms behind zinc homeostasis in other fungal species were summarized and an in silico analysis was performed to identify the components of zinc homeostasis in M. mycetomatis. Orthologues for many of the zinc homeostasis components found in other fungal species could also be identified in M. mycetomatis, including those components that have been identified to play a role in biofilm formation, a process which has some parallels with grain formation. Zinc homeostasis may well play an important role in the process of grain formation and, therefore, more knowledge on this subject in M. mycetomatis is required as it may lead to novel therapies to combat this debilitating disease. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).
查看更多>>摘要：Species of fungal genus Trichoderma are characterized by a versatile lifestyle, high adaptability to the changing environmental conditions and the ability to establish sophisticated interactions with other organisms. Due to their ability to antagonize plant pathogens and to elicit the plant defence responses against biotic/abiotic stresses, Trichoderma spp. are commonly used as commercially biopesticides and biofertilizers. The Trichoderma success in the rhizosphere is supported by a wide arsenal of specialised metabolites (SMs) providing morphological and physiological autoregulation, self-protection and facilitating fungal communication. This review aims to explore the roles of SMs in the biology of fungi, with special emphasis on the genus Trichoderma and on how divergence in the SMs genetic structure determine Trichoderma lifestyles. Trichoderma genomes are endowed with a high number of SMs biosynthetic genes, and understanding the genetic basis of their biosynthesis is crucial for determining the role of these metabolites in Trichoderma ecophysiology and for expanding their application in crop protection. Recent advances on the characterization of the Trichoderma SMs genetic inventory driven by computational biology are discussed. (c) 2021 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) main attractive pharmacological characteristics are anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities which are chiefly associated with its two prin-cipal bioactive compounds, those are polysaccharides and triterpenoids. Ganoderic acids (GAs) are one of the most discovered triterpenoids of G. lucidum among various triterpe-noids. The prominent medicinal mushroom G. lucidum possesses GAs as essential bioactive constituents that are highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids. GAs exhibit diverse potential action against numerous diseases such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, cardioprotective, antiallergic, antihepatotoxic, neuroprotective and antinociceptive properties. GAs act through different mechanisms that include cyto-toxic, apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, inhibition of topoisomerases, antiproliferation, anti-invasion, inhibition of NF-kB AP1/uPA, farnesyl protein transferase and JAK-STAT3 pathway. The miraculous effects of GAs fascinate the researchers for their production. Various environmental factors such as biochemical signals, nutritional and physical that influence the biosynthesis of GA. However, the scarcities of pure compounds or accurately characterized extracts are the main problem of clinical studies. Substantial steps are required for characterized extracts of active compounds. This review contributes a thor-ough insight into the mode of actions of GAs and their possible reinforcements to over-come various diseases. (c) 2021 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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