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动物营养（英文）
动物营养（英文）
动物营养（英文）/Journal Animal NutritionCSCDCSTPCD北大核心SCI
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    Effects of essential oils on economically important characteristics of ruminant species:A comprehensive review

    Cara Wessels Wells
    1-10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Essential oils derived from plants can provide biological impacts to livestock species.Scientific studies researching essential oils in livestock have investigated various essential oils for prevention and treat-ment of microbial infection and parasites as well as to enhance milk production,animal performance and rumen function.Despite the availability of several commercial products containing essential oils to promote animal health and production,the vast amount of essential oils,modes of application,and effective concentrations of the essential oils suggest there are more opportunities for essential oils to be utilized in commercial livestock production and veterinary medicine.The objective of this review is to contribute to the understanding of the value that essential oils can provide to the ruminant diet and to examine the biological impact of various essential oils on economically important production traits of ruminant species.
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    Effect of age on the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of soybean meal and canola meal in broilers

    Mukti BaruaM.Reza AbdollahiFaegheh ZaefarianTimothy J.Wester...
    11-22页
    查看更多>>摘要：Standardized ileal digestibility coefficients(SIDC)of nitrogen(N)and amino acids(AA)in two protein sources(soybean meal[SBM]and canola meal[CM])were investigated at six broiler ages(d 7,14,21,28,35,and 42).Two assay diets were formulated to contain either SBM(413 g/kg)or CM(553 g/kg)as the sole dietary AA source.Titanium dioxide(5 g/kg)was added as an indigestible marker.A total of 696 male broilers at 1 d old were allotted to 12 replicate cages per age group.Each assay diet was offered to birds for 4 d prior to the ileal digesta collection on d 7(14 birds/cage),14(12 birds/cage),21(10 birds/cage),28(8 birds/cage),35(8 birds/cage)and 42(6 birds/cage),respectively.The apparent digestibility coefficients were standardized using age-specific basal endogenous AA flows.In the SBM group,though the SIDC of N tended to be influenced(quadratic;P=0.075)by age,no linear or quadratic response of age effect was observed on the average SIDC of indispensable(IAA)and total AA(TAA).An age effect(quadratic;P＜0.05)was observed on the average SIDC of dispensable AA(DAA)in SBM with the highest value recorded at d 7,followed by a decrease from d 14 to 28,which increased beyond d 35.The SIDC of some individual AA(Arg,Thr,Trp,Cys,Pro)were affected(P＜0.05 or P＜0.001)in a quadratic manner by age.In the CM,the SIDC of N,average SIDC of IAA,DAA and TAA were influenced(quadratic;P＜0.05 or P＜0.001)by age.The SIDC of N and average SIDC of DAA and TAA were higher from d 7 to 14,declined at d 21,and then increased beyond d 28.The average SIDC of IAA was low between d 7 and 28 and increased thereafter.The SIDC of individual AA were affected(linear or quadratic;P＜0.05 or P＜0.001)by different magnitudes by age.The age influence on the SIDC AA was variable,depending on the protein source and AA.The results demonstrate that age-specific SIDC AA data might need consideration in broiler feed formulations.
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    Zinc lactate alleviates oxidative stress by modulating crosstalk between constitutive androstane receptor signaling pathway and gut microbiota profile in weaned piglets

    Wenjie TangXuan XiangHoufu WangWentao Zhou...
    23-33页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study aimed to determine the regulatory mechanism of dietary zinc lactate(ZL)supplementation on intestinal oxidative stress damage in a paraquat(PQ)-induced piglet model.Twenty-eight piglets(mean body weight 9.51±0.23 kg)weaned at 28 d of age were randomly divided into control,ZL,PQ,and ZL+PQgroups(n=7 in each group).The ZL-supplemented diet had little effect on growth performance under normal physiological conditions.However,under PQ challenge,ZL supplementation significantly improved average daily gain(P＜0.05)and reduced the frequency of diarrhea.ZL improved intestinal morphology and ultra-structure by significantly increasing the expression level of the jejunal tight junction protein,zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)(P＜0.05),and intestinal zinc transport and absorption in PQ-induced piglets,which reduced intestinal permeability.ZL supplementation also enhanced the expression of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factor-related genes and decreased inflammatory cytokine expression and secretion in PQ-induced piglets.Furthermore,ZL treatment significantly inhibited the activation of constitutive androstane receptor(CAR)signaling(P＜0.01)in PQ-induced piglets and altered the structure of the gut microbiota,especially by significantly increasing the abundance of beneficial gut microbes,including UCG_002,Rumi-nococcus,Rikenellaceae_RC9gut_group,Christensenellaceae_R_7_group,Treponema,unclassified_Christense-nellaceae,and unclassified_Erysipelotrichaceae(P＜0.05).These data reveal that pre-administration of ZL to piglets can suppress intestinal oxidative stress by improving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity and regulating the crosstalk between CAR signaling and gut microbiota.
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    Mulberry leaf supplementation inhibits skatole deposition by regulating gut microbiota and upregulating liver cytochrome P4501A1 expression in finishing pigs

    Yuqing SunXiaoming MenTianbao LinBo Deng...
    34-44页
    查看更多>>摘要：Skatole,a strong fecal odor substance,is generated through microbial degradation of tryptophan in the animal hindgut.It easily accumulates in adipose tissue and affects meat quality.In this study,the effect of mulberry leaf supplementation on skatole in finishing pigs was studied.In a 35-day trial,20 finishing pigs(barrows and gilts)were fed with a basal diet or basal diet with 6％mulberry leaves.Growth per-formance of the pigs(n=10)was automatically recorded by a performance-testing feeder system and 8 pigs in each treatment were slaughtered and sampled for the remaining tests.Skatole and short-chain fatty acids were detected using HPLC and gas chromatography,respectively.Fecal microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.The metabolomics analysis of feces and serum was performed with UHPLC-MS/MS.The major cytochrome P450(CYP)enzymes that catalyze skatole degradation in the liver were tested by using RT-PCR and Western blot.Effects of major bioactive compounds in mulberry leaves on the CYP genes were verified in the hepatic cell line HepG2 in an in vitro test(n=3).In finishing pigs,mulberry leaf supplementation had no significant effect on the average daily gain,average daily feed intake,and feed conversion ratio(P＞0.05),but reduced skatole levels in feces,serum,and backfat(P＜0.05),and increased acetic acid levels in feces(P=0.027).Mulberry leaf supplementation decreased the relative abundance of the skatole-producing bacteria Megasphaera and Olsenella(P＜0.05).Indole-3-acetic acid,the intermediate that is essential for skatole production,was significantly reduced in feces by mulberry leaf supplementation(P＜0.05)and was positively correlated with skatole content in feces(P=0.004).In pigs treated with mulberry leaves,liver CYP1A1 expression was increased(P＜0.05)and was negatively correlated with skatole content in backfat(P=0.045).The in vitro test demonstrated that mulberry leaf polyphenols and polysaccharides could directly stimulate CYP1A1 expression in hepatic cells.These findings suggest that mulberry leaf supplementation reduces skatole production and deposition in finishing pigs by regulating the gut microbiota and promoting skatole degradation in liver.
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    Evaluation of a hepatic biomarker of nutritional imbalance in juvenile red drum(Sciaenops ocellatus)fed 60％soybean meal-based diets using NMR-based metabolomics

    Fabio CasuAaron M.WatsonJustin YostT.Gibson Gaylord...
    45-61页
    查看更多>>摘要：A 12-week feeding trial with juvenile red drum(Sciaenops ocellatus)fed high-soybean meal(SBM)diets was conducted to investigate a putative biomarker of nutritional imbalance,N-formimino-L-glutamate(FIGLU).Three fishmeal-free,60％SBM pelleted diets(named B12,Fol,and Met,respectively)were tested to evaluate the effects on growth performance and tissue metabolite profiles of supplementation of vitamin B12(0.012 mg/kg),folate(10 mg/kg),methionine(1 g/kg)respectively,above basal supple-mentation levels.A fourth SBM-based diet(named B12/Fol/Met)was formulated with a combination of B12,folate,and methionine to attain the above-mentioned target concentrations.A fifth 60％SBM diet(named FWS)with methionine supplementation(1 g/kg above basal supplementation levels),enriched with taurine,lysine and threonine as well as minerals,was also tested.This diet contained formulation targets and additives which have allowed for replacing fishmeal with plant proteins in rainbow trout feeds.Control diets included a fishmeal-based diet(named FM),an unsupplemented basal 60％SBM diet(named SBM60),and a"natural"diet(named N)made up of equal parts of fish(cigar minnows),squid and shrimp as a positive reference for growth performance.Formulated feeds contained approximately 37％total crude protein,approximately 14％total crude lipid and were energetically balanced.Standard growth performance metrics were measured,and tissues(liver,muscle)were collected at week 12 to evaluate diet-induced metabolic changes using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)-based metabolomics.Our results show that the FWS diet outperformed all other SBM diets and the FM diet under all per-formance metrics(P＜0.05).FIGLU was not detected in fish fed the N diet but was detected in those fed the SBM diets and the FM diet.Fish fed the FWS diet and the Met diet showed lower hepatic levels of FIGLU compared with the other SBM-based diets(P＜0.05),suggesting that among the different sup-plementation regimes,methionine supplementation was associated with lower FIGLU levels.The FWS diet produced tissue metabolite profiles that were more similar to those of fish fed the N diet.Based on our results,the FWS diet constitutes a promising SBM-based alternative diet to fishmeal for red drum.
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    Re-evaluation of recent research on metabolic utilization of energy in poultry:Recommendations for a net energy system for broilers

    Jean NobletAye-Cho Tay-ZarShu-Biao WuPairat Srichana...
    62-72页
    查看更多>>摘要：Different energy systems have been proposed for energy evaluation of feeds for domestic animals.The oldest and most commonly used systems take into account the fecal energy loss to obtain digestible energy(DE),and fecal,urinary and fermentation gases energy losses to calculate metabolizable energy(ME).In the case of ruminants and pigs,the net energy(NE)system,which takes into account the heat increment associated with the metabolic utilization of ME,has progressively replaced the DE and ME systems over the last 50 years.For poultry,apparent ME(AME)is used exclusively and NE is not yet used widely.The present paper considers some important methodological points for measuring NE in poultry feeds and summarizes the available knowledge on NE systems for poultry.NE prediction equations based on a common analysis of three recent studies representing a total of 50 complete and balanced diets fed to broilers are proposed;these equations including the AME content and easily available chemical in-dicators have been validated on another set of 30 diets.The equations are applicable to both ingredients and complete diets.They rely primarily on an accurate and reliable AME value which then represents the first limiting predictor of NE value.Our analysis indicates that NE would be a better predictor of broiler performance than AME and that the hierarchy between feeds is dependent on the energy system with a higher energy value for fat and a lower energy value for protein in an NE system.Practical considerations for implementing such an NE system from the commonly used AME or AMEn(AME adjusted for zero nitrogen balance)systems are presented.In conclusion,there is sufficient information to allow the implementation of the NE concept in order to improve the accuracy of feed formulation in poultry.
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    Importance of dietary supplementation of soluble and insoluble fibers to sows subjected to high ambient temperatures during late gestation and effects on lactation performance

    Seung Min OhAbdolreza HosseindoustSang Hun HaJun Young Mun...
    73-83页
    查看更多>>摘要：Heat stress adversely affects sows'performance,which can be improved by applying proper nutritional strategies.This study was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of dietary fiber levels and sources on sows'reproductive performance,metabolic response during gestation,and the carry-over influence on litter performance in the lactation period during heat stress(average room temperature of 27.1 ℃).Fifty-four multiparous sows(Landrace x Yorkshire;initial body weight of 236.3±16 kg;2,3 and 4 parities)at d 90 of gestation were assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement(9 sows/treatment),involving 2 dietary fiber levels(4.5％and 6％crude fiber)and 3 dietary fiber sources(wheat bran[WB],palm kernel meal[PK],and beet pulp[BP]).Sows fed the BP diet had highest(P＜0.01)feed intake and constipation index and lowest(P＜0.01)farrowing duration.Piglet weight(P=0.041)and litter weight(P＜0.01)at weaning were higher in sows in the BP treatment compared to PK treatment.Sows in the BP treatment showed the greatest(P＜0.01)digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber.The fecal concentration of acetate was the lowest(P＜0.01)in the PK treatment.Total short-chain fatty acid production was increased in the WB and BP treatments compared with the PK.Sows in the BP treatment showed the lowest(P=0.036)hair cortisol.The blood insulin concentration of sows was higher(P=0.026)in the high fiber(6％)treatment compared with the low fiber(4.5％)treatment at 90 min and 120 min after the meal.The concentration of phthalic acid,succinic acid,phenylethylamine,hydro-cinnamic acid,iron,linoleic acid,glycerol,ketone,and formamide were increased(P＜0.05)in the BP treatment compared with the WB.The BP treatment with high soluble fiber content improved the constipation index,farrowing duration,and litter performance,while high insoluble fibers increased sows comfort and reduced stress factors including respiratory rate and rectal temperature.Therefore,both soluble and insoluble sources of fiber are necessary to be added to the diet of gestating sows.
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    Effects of the concentration and nature of total dissolved solids in drinking water on feed intake,nutrient digestion,energy balance,methane emission,ruminal fermentation,and blood constituents in different breeds of young goats and hair sheep

    Amlan Kumar PatraLuana Paula dos Santos RibeiroHirut YirgaAdekayode O.Sonibare...
    84-95页
    查看更多>>摘要：Understanding how different livestock species and breeds respond to consumption of brackish water could improve usage of this resource.Therefore,Angora,Boer,and Spanish goat doelings and Dorper,Katahdin,and St.Croix ewe lambs(6 animals per animal type[AT];initial age=296±2.1 days)consuming water with varying concentrations of minerals of a natural brackish water source(BR)and sodium chloride(NaCl;SL)were used to determine effects on water and feed intake,nutrient digestion,heat energy,methane emission,ruminal fluid conditions,and blood constituent concentrations.There were 6 simultaneous 6(water treatments[WT])× 6(AT)Latin squares with 3-wk periods.The WT were fresh(FR),BR alone(100-BR),a similar total dissolved solids(TDS)concentration as 100-BR via NaCl addition to FR(100-SL),BR with concentrations of all minerals increased by approximately 50％(150-BR),a similar TDS level as 150-BR by NaCl addition to FR(150-SL),and a similar 150 TDS level achieved by addition of a 1∶1 mixture of BR minerals and NaCl to 100-BR(150-BR/SL).Concentrations(mg/kg)in BR were 4928 TDS,85.9 bicarbonate,224.9 calcium,1175 chloride,60.5 magnesium,4.59 potassium,1387 sodium,1962 sulfate,and 8.3 boron,and TDS in other WT were 209,5684,7508,8309,and 7319 mg/kg for FR,100-SL,150-BR,150-SL,and 150-BR/SL,respectively.There were very few significant effects of WT or AT × WT interactions,although AT had numerous effects.Water intake was affected by AT(P=0.02)and WT(P=0.04),with greater water intake for 150-SL than for FR,100-BR,100-SL,and 150-BR.Dry matter intake among AT was lowest(P＜0.05)for Angora.Digestion of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber and heat energy differed among AT(P＜0.05),but nitrogen digestion and ruminal methane emission were similar among AT.Blood aldosterone concentration was higher(P＜0.05)for FR than for other WT.In conclusion,all AT seemed resilient to these WT regardless of mineral source and concentrations,with TDS less than 8300 mg/kg,which did not influence nutrient utilization,ruminal fermentation,energy balance,or blood constituent levels.
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    Dietary copper requirement of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet during 22-42 d of age

    Ling ZhuWei WuBingxin WuYun Hu...
    96-104页
    查看更多>>摘要：This research was to assess the dietary copper(Cu)requirement of broiler chickens fed a practical corn-soybean meal diet during 22-42 d of age.A total of 288 numbered Arbor Acres male broilers at 22 d of age were randomly allotted 6 treatments with 8 replicate cages(6 broilers per cage)per treatment.Broilers were fed a Cu-unsupplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet(control,containing 7.36 mg Cu/kg)or the basal diet added with 3,6,9,12,or 15 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4·5H2O for 21 d.Quadratic,asymptotic and broken-line models were fitted and the best fitted models were selected to determine dietary Cu requirements.The results revealed that the contents of Cu in serum and liver,mRNA expression levels of Cu-and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase(CuZnSOD)in liver and monoamine oxidase b(MAO B)in heart,as well as protein expression level of CuZnSOD in liver were affected(P＜0.05)by supplemental Cu levels,and the above indices varied linearly and quadratically(P＜0.05)with increasing Cu levels.Dietary Cu requirements assessed according to the best fitted broken-line models(P＜0.05)of the above indexes were 10.45-13.81 mg/kg.It was concluded that mRNA expres-sion levels of CuZnSOD in liver and MAO B in heart,as well as liver CuZnSOD protein expression level were new specific sensitive biomarkers for estimating dietary Cu requirements,and the dietary Cu requirement was recommended to be 14 mg/kg to support Cu metabolic needs related to key Cu-containing enzymes in broilers fed the corn-soybean meal diet during 22-42 d of age,which was higher than the dietary Cu requirement(8 mg/kg)for broilers at the corresponding stage suggested by the Chinese Feeding Standard of Chicken.
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    The application of protease in aquaculture:Prospects for enhancing the aquafeed industry

    Shiyou ChenSahya MauluJie WangXiaoze Xie...
    105-121页
    查看更多>>摘要：Low-fishmeal and protein-saving diets are two prominent nutritional strategies utilized to address challenges related to the scarcity and sustainability of protein sources in aquaculture.However,these diets have been associated with adverse effects on the growth performance,feed utilization,and disease resistance of aquatic animals.To mitigate these challenges,exogenous protease has been applied to enhance the quality of diets with lower protein contents or fishmeal alternatives,thereby improving the bioavailability of nutritional ingredients.Additionally,protease preparations were also used to enzy-matically hydrolyze fishmeal alternatives,thus enhancing their nutritional utilization.The present re-view aims to consolidate recent research progress on the use of protease in aquaculture and conclude the benefits and limitations of its application,thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject and identifying opportunities for future research.
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