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动物营养（英文）
动物营养（英文）
动物营养（英文）/Journal Animal NutritionCSCDCSTPCD北大核心SCI
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    Determination of the standardized ileal digestible calcium requirement of Ross broilers from hatch to day 14 post-hatch

    Carrie L.WalkRaffaella AureliPauline Jenn
    122-129页
    查看更多>>摘要：An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible(SID)calcium requirement of fast-growing broilers from hatch to d 14 post-hatch.Ross 308(n=360)male broilers were obtained on day of hatch and allocated to 1 of 5 treatments in battery cages.There were 6 birds per cage and 12 pens per treatment.Four treatments were formulated to contain 0.60％,0.46％,0.32％or 0.18％SID Ca.The final treatment was formulated using total Ca to meet or exceed all nutrient requirements,including 0.90％total Ca and 0.49％non-phytate P(nPP),using the same ingredients.This treatment was the reference diet for comparison and validation of the SID Ca diets.Birds and feed were weighed at placement and on d 14.Tibias and ileal contents were obtained on d 14 and excreta was collected per pen and pooled on d 14.Data were analyzed using JMP Pro and requirements were estimated using 3 different non-linear regression models.Increasing the SID Ca content in the diet from 0.18％to 0.60％improved(quadratic,P＜0.05)body weight gain and mortality corrected feed conversion ratio(mFCR).The estimated SID Ca requirement to optimize gain or mFCR was between 0.39％and 0.52％.Tibia ash percent and weight increased(quadratic,P＜0.05)as SID Ca content in the diet increased and the estimated SID Ca requirement was between 0.32％and 0.58％.Phosphorus utilization was improved in birds fed diets formulated using SID Ca compared with birds fed the reference diet.In conclusion,the SID Ca requirement of fast-growing broilers from hatch to d 14 was estimated between 0.534％and 0.398％when quadratic,straight-broken line,or quadratic-broken line regressions were used.These results agree with previously published data evaluating the SID Ca requirement of fast-growth broilers from hatch to d 10.
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    Mechanism of action,benefits,and research gap in fermented soybean meal utilization as a high-quality protein source for livestock and poultry

    Modinat T.LamboHaokai MaHaosheng ZhangPeng Song...
    130-146页
    查看更多>>摘要：Animal nutritionists have incessantly worked towards providing livestock with high-quality plant pro-tein feed resources.Soybean meal(SBM)has been an essential and predominantly adopted vegetable protein source in livestock feeding for a long time;however,several SBM antinutrients could potentially impair the animal's performance and growth,limiting its use.Several processing methods have been employed to remove SBM antinutrients,including fermentation with fungal or bacterial microorganisms.According to the literature,fermentation,a traditional food processing method,could improve SBM's nutritional and functional properties,making it more suitable and beneficial to livestock.The current interest in health-promoting functional feed,which can enhance the growth of animals,improve their immune system,and promote physiological benefits more than conventional feed,coupled with the ban on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters,has caused a renewed interest in the use of fermented SBM(FSBM)in livestock diets.This review details the mechanism of SBM fermentation and its impacts on animal health and discusses the recent trend in the application and emerging advantages to livestock while shedding light on the research gap that needs to be critically addressed in future studies.FSBM appears to be a multifunctional high-quality plant protein source for animals.Besides removing soybean antinutrients,beneficial bioactive peptides and digestive enzymes are produced during fermentation,providing probiotics,antioxidants,and immunomodulatory effects.Critical aspects regarding FSBM feeding to animals remain uncharted,such as the duration of fermentation,the influence of feeding on digestive tissue development,choice of microbial strain,and possible environmental impact.
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    Flavonoids from mulberry leaves inhibit fat production and improve fatty acid distribution in adipose tissue in finishing pigs

    Yingying LiuYinglin PengChen ChenHuibo Ren...
    147-157页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study evaluated the effects of flavonoids from mulberry leaves(FML)on plasma biochemical indices,serum activities of lipid metabolism-related enzymes,fat morphology,fatty acid composition,and lipid metabolism in different adipose tissues of finishing pigs.We used 120 Chinese hybrid barrows of Berkshire and Bama mini-pigs with an average initial body weight of 45.11±4.23 kg.The pigs were randomly assigned to five treatment groups and fed a control diet based on corn,soybean meal,and wheat bran or a control diet supplemented with 0.02％,0.04％,0.08％,or 0.16％FML.Each experimental group had six replicates(pens),with four pigs per pen.After a 7-d adaptation period,the feeding trial was conducted for 58 d.Blood and adipose tissue samples were collected from 30 pigs(one pig per pen)at the end of the test.The results showed that FML supplementation significantly decreased the feed intake to body gain ratio,the plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and free fatty acids,and the serum activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase(linear or quadratic effects,P＜0.05),and decreased the plasma triglyceride concentration(quadratic,P=0.07).Increasing FML supplementation increased the average daily gain and serum activities of lipoprotein lipase(linear and quadratic effects,P＜0.05)and adipose triglyceride lipase(linear,P＜0.05).Dietary FML supplementation decreased the adipocyte area in the dorsal subcutaneous adipose(DSA)tissue of finishing pigs(linear,P=0.05)and increased the adipocyte area in the visceral adipose tissue(quadratic,P＜0.01).Increasing FML supplementation decreased the C20:1 content in DSA,abdominal subcutaneous adipose,and visceral adipose tissues of finishing pigs(P＜0.05)and increased the C18:3n3 and n-3 PUFA contents(P＜0.05).The lipid metabolism genes were regulated by the PPARy-LXRa-ABCA1 signaling pathway,and their expressions differed in different adipose tissues.These findings suggest that FML improved growth performance,regulated lipid metabolism,inhibited fat production,and improved fatty acid distribution in the adipose tissue of finishing pigs,thereby improving pig fat's nutritional quality and health value.
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    Leucine regulates lipid metabolism in adipose tissue through adipokine-mTOR-SIRT1 signaling pathway and bile acid-microbe axis in a finishing pig model

    Yunju YinSaiming GongMengmeng HanJingzun Wang...
    158-173页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study was conducted to explore the regulatory mechanism of leucine(Leu)on lipid metabolism of finishing pigs.Twenty-four Duroc x Landrace x Large cross pigs with an average body weight of 68.33±0.97 kg were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups with 8 replicates per group(1 pig per replicate).The dietary treatments were as follows:control group(CON),0.25％Leu group and 0.50％Leu group.The experimental period was 42 d.The results showed as follows.(1)Compared with the CON,0.25％and 0.50％Leu increased(P＜0.01)the average daily gain(ADG),while the average backfat thickness(ABT)and the ratio of feed intake to body weight gain(F:G ratio)were decreased(P＜0.05).(2)In the 0.25％Leu group,the relative mRNA expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-ic(SREBP1c),recombinant fatty acid transport protein 1(FATP1),chemerin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ)were decreased but the level of fatty acid binding protein 4(FABP4)and fatty acid translocase(FAT/CD36)were increased in backfat tissue.In the 0.25％Leu group,the protein levels of p-Rictor,p-Raptor,p-eIF4E-binding protein 1(p-4EBP1),p-silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1(p-SIRT1)and acetylation ribosome s6 protein kinase 1(Ac-S6K1)were increased(P＜0.05).(3)Compared to the CON,the diversity of gut microbiota in the 0.25％Leu group was increased.Principal component analysis showed that the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes,Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio was higher in the 0.25％Leu group than the CON,but the relative abundance of Firmicutes,Treponema and Shigella was lower than in the CON(P＜0.05).(4)Four different metabolites were screened out from the serum of finishing pigs including allolithocholic acid(alloLCA),isolithocholic acid(isoLCA),urso-deoxycholic acid(UDCA)and hyodeoxycholic acid(HDCA),which correlate to various degrees with the above microorganisms.In conclusion,Leu could promote adipose tissue lipolysis of finishing pigs through the mTOR-SIRT1 signaling pathway,and S6K1 is acetylated at the same time,and the interaction between gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism is also involved.
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    Essential oils improve nursery pigs'performance and appetite via modulation of intestinal health and microbiota

    Bi-Chen ZhaoTian-Hao WangJian ChenBai-Hao Qiu...
    174-188页
    查看更多>>摘要：Optimal intestinal health and functionality are essential for animal health and performance,and simultaneously intestinal nutrient transporters and intestinal peptides are also involved in appetite and feed intake control mechanisms.Given the potential of essential oil(EO)in improving animal perfor-mance and improving feed palatability,we hypothesized that dietary supplementation of cinnamalde-hyde and carvacrol could improve performance and appetite of nursery pigs by modulating intestinal health and microbiota.Cinnamaldehyde(100 mg/kg),carvacrol(100 mg/kg),and their mixtures(including 50 mg/kg cinnamaldehyde and 50 mg/kg carvacrol)were supplemented into the diets of 240 nursery pigs for 42 d,and data related to performance were measured.Thereafter,the influence of EO on intestinal health,appetite and gut microbiota and their correlations were explored.EO supplementation increased(P＜0.05)the body weight,average daily gain(ADG)and average daily feed intake(ADFI)of piglets,and reduced(P＜0.05)diarrhea rates in nursery pigs.Furthermore,EO increased(P＜0.05)the intestinal absorption area and the abundance of tight junction proteins,and decreased(P＜0.05)in-testinal permeability and local inflammation.In terms of intestinal development and the mucus barrier,EO promoted intestinal development and increased(P＜0.05)the number of goblet cells.Additionally,we found that piglets in the EO-supplemented group had upregulated(P＜0.05)levels of transporters and digestive enzymes in the intestine,which were significantly associated with daily gain and feed utilization.In addition,EO supplementation somewhat improved appetite in nursery pigs,increased the diversity of the gut microbiome and the abundance of beneficial bacteria,and there was a correlation between altered bacterial structure and appetite-related hormones.These findings indicate that EO is effective in promoting growth performance and nutrient absorption as well as in regulating appetite by improving intestinal health and bacterial structure.
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    Selenium nanoparticles in aquaculture:Unique advantages in the production of Se-enriched grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)

    Chao ZhuZifang WuQimin LiuXiaolin Wang...
    189-201页
    查看更多>>摘要：The production of selenium-enriched fish can contribute to alleviating selenium deficiency in human diets.However,it is still unclear which selenium source,as an additive,can efficiently and cost-effectively produce high-quality selenium-enriched fish.This study evaluated the effects of selenium nanoparticles(SeNP),selenite,and selenomethionine(SeMet)on the growth,antioxidant capacity,se-lenium content,selenium speciation,and meat quality of grass carp.Ten diets were prepared,including a basal diet(BD)and three concentrations(0.1,0.3,and 0.9 mg/kg)of SeNP,selenite,and SeMet.A total of 600 fish(250.79±1.57 g)were randomly assigned to 30 tanks(3 tanks/group).Fish were fed the experimental diet three times daily for 60 d.In this study,SeNP most significantly promoted the growth and antioxidant capacity of grass carp,with 0.3 mg/kg SeNP identified as the optimal additive concen-tration.Additionally,SeNP demonstrated equally excellent bioavailability as SeMet and significantly increased the content of SeMet in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)muscle.Furthermore,compared to SeMet and selenite,dietary SeNP could more significantly enhance the content of selenocysteine(SeCys2)and methylselenocysteine(MeSeCys)in grass carp muscle tissue.In addition,we have demonstrated that SeCys2 and MeSeCys promote apoptosis of cancer cells(HeLa)through the mito-chondrial apoptotic pathway(involving Bax and Bcl-2).Furthermore,as an additive,0.3 mg/kg SeNP significantly improved the flesh quality of grass carp by reducing crude fat and heavy metal content,as well as increasing the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)and the ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA).In summary,SeNP is the most suitable additive for producing selenium-enriched fish.
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    Emerging role of vitamin D3 in alleviating intestinal structure injury caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)

    Yao ZhangXiao-Qiu ZhouWei-Dan JiangPei Wu...
    202-217页
    查看更多>>摘要：Bacterial pathogens destroy the structural integrity of functional organs in fish,leading to severe challenges in the aquaculture industry.Vitamin D3(VD3)prevents bacterial infections and strengthens immune sys-tem function via vitamin D receptor(VDR).However,the correlation between VD3/VDR and the structural integrity of functional organs remains unclarified.This study aimed to investigate the influence of VD3 supplementation on histological characteristics,apoptosis,and tight junction characteristics in fish intes-tine during pathogen infection.A total of 540 healthy grass carp(257.24±0.63 g)were fed different levels of VD3(15.2,364.3,782.5,1,167.9,1,573.8,and 1,980.1 IU/kg)for 70 d.Subsequently,fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila,a pathogen that causes intestinal inflammation.Our present study demon-strated that optimal supplementation with VD3(1)alleviated intestinal structural damage,and inhibited oxidative damage by reducing levels of oxidative stress biomarkers;(2)attenuated excessive apoptosis-related death receptor and mitochondrial pathway processes in relation to p38 mitogen-activated pro-tein kinase signaling(P＜0.05);(3)enhanced tight junction protein expression by inhibiting myosin light chain kinase signaling(P＜0.05);and(4)elevated VDR isoform expression in fish intestine(P＜0.05).Overall,the results demonstrated that VD3 alleviates oxidative injury,apoptosis,and the destruction of tight junction protein under pathogenic infection,thereby strengthening pathogen defenses in the intestine.This finding supports the rationale for VD3 intervention as an essential practice in sustainable aquaculture.
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    Methionine sources and genotype affect embryonic intestinal development,antioxidants,tight junctions,and growth-related gene expression in chickens

    James K.LugataSawadi F.NdunguruGebrehaweria K.RedaXénia E.Ozsváth...
    218-230页
    查看更多>>摘要：Methionine(Met)is an essential and first limiting amino acid in the poultry diet that plays a significant role in chicken embryonic development and growth.The present study examined the effect of in ovo injection of DL-Met and L-Met sources and genotypes on chicken embryonic-intestinal development and health.Fertilized eggs of the two genotypes,TETRA-SL layer hybrid(TSL)-commercial layer hybrid and Hungarian Partridge colored hen breed(HPC)-a native genotype,were randomly distributed into four treatments for each genotype.The treatment groups include the following:1)control non-injected eggs(Noln);2)saline-injected(Saln);3)DL-Met injected(DLM);and 4)L-Met injected(LM).The in ovo in-jection was carried out on 17.5 d of embryonic development;after hatching,eight chicks per group were sacrificed,and the jejunum was extracted for analysis.The results showed that both DLM and LM groups had enhanced intestinal development as evidenced by increased villus width,villus height,and villus area(P＜0.05)compared to the control.The DLM group had significantly reduced crypt depth,gluta-thione(GSH)content,glutathione S-transferase 3 alpha(GST3),occludin(OCLN)gene expression and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio in the TSL genotype than the LM group(P＜0.05).The HPC genotype has overexpressed insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1)gene,tricellulin(MD2),occludin(OCLN),superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1),and GST3 genes than the TSL genotype(P＜0.05).In conclusion,these findings showed that in ovo injection of Met enhanced intestinal development,and function,with ge-notypes responding differently under normal conditions.Genotypes also influenced the expression of intestinal antioxidants,tight junction,and growth-related genes.
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    Dietary fibre effects and the interplay with exogenous carbohydrases in poultry nutrition

    Michael R.BedfordBirger SvihusAaron J.Cowieson
    231-240页
    查看更多>>摘要：A comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fibre in non-ruminant animal production is elusive.Equivocal and conflated definitions of fibre coupled with significant analytical complexity,interact with poorly defined host and microbiome relationships.Dietary fibre is known to influence gut development,feed intake and passage rate,nutrient absorption,microbiome taxonomy and function,gut pH,endogenous nutrient loss,environmental sustainability,animal welfare and more.Whilst significant gaps persist in our understanding of fibre in non-ruminant animal production,there is substantial in-terest in optimizing the fibre fraction of feed to induce high value phenotypes such as improved welfare,live performance and to reduce the environmental footprint of animal production systems.In order to achieve these aspirational goals,it is important to tackle dietary fibre with the same level of scrutiny as is currently done for other critical nutrient classes such as protein,minerals and vitamins.The chemical,mechanical and nutritional role of fibre must be explored at the level of monomeric sugars,oligosac-charides and polysaccharides of varying molecular weight and decoration,and this must be in parallel to standardisation of analytical tools and definitions for speciation.To further complicate subject,exoge-nous carbohydrases recognise dietary fibre as a focal substrate and have varying capacity to generate lower molecular weight carbohydrates that interact differentially with the host and the enteric micro-biome.This short review article will explore the interactive space between dietary fibre and exogenous carbohydrases and will include their nutritional and health effects with emphasis on functional devel-opment of the gut,microbiome modulation and host metabolism.
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    Prediction of net energy of feeds for broiler chickens

    Aye-Cho Tay-ZarManoosak WongphatcharachaiPairat SrichanaPierre-André Geraert...
    241-250页
    查看更多>>摘要：Net energy(NE)enables the prediction of more accurate feed energy values by taking into account the heat increment which is approximately 25％of apparent metabolizable energy(AME)in poultry.Nevertheless,application of NE in poultry industry has not been practiced widely.To predict the NE values of broiler diets,23 diets were prepared by using 13 major ingredients(wheat,corn,paddy rice,broken rice,cassava pellets,full-fat soybean,soybean meal,canola meal,animal protein,rice bran,wheat bran,palm kernel meal and palm kernel oil).The diets were formulated in order to meet the birds'requirements and get a wide range of chemical compositions(on DM basis;33.6％to 55.3％for starch;20.8％to 28.4％for CP,2.7％to 10.6％for ether extract[EE]and 7.0％to 17.2％for NDF),with low correlations between these nutrients and low correlations between the inclusion levels of ingredients allowing for the calculation of robust prediction equations of energy values of diets or ingredients.These diets were fed to Ross 308 broilers raised in 12 open-circuit respiratory chambers from 18 to 23 d of age(4 birds per cage)and growth performance,diet AME content and heat production were measured,and dietary NE values were calculated.The trial was conducted on a weekly basis with 12 diets measured each week(1 per chamber),1 of the 23 diets(reference diet)being measured each week.Each diet was tested at least 8 times.In total,235 energy balance data values were available for the final calculations.Growth perfor-mance,AME(15.3 MJ/kg DM on average)and AME/GE(79.4％on average)values were as expected.The NE/AME value averaged 76.6％and was negatively influenced by CP and NDF and positively by EE in connection with efficiencies of AME provided by CP,EE and starch for NE of 73％,87％and 81％,respectively.The best prediction equation was:NE=(0.815 × AME)-(0.026 × CP)+(0.020 × EE)-(0.024 × NDF)with NE and AME as MJ/kg DM,and CP,EE and NDF as％of DM.The NE prediction equations from this study agree with other recently reported equations in poultry and are suitable for both ingredients and complete feeds.
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