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动物营养（英文）
动物营养（英文）
动物营养（英文）/Journal Animal NutritionCSCDCSTPCD北大核心SCI
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    Fat deposition and partitioning for meat production in cattle and sheep

    Shimin LiuYanyan YangHailing LuoWenjie Pang...
    376-386页
    查看更多>>摘要：In markets for beef and sheep meat,an appropriate level of intramuscular fat(IMF)is highly desirable for meat-eating quality,but strategies to improve it usually lead to an undesirable excess in carcase fat,presenting a major challenge to livestock producers.To solve this problem,we need to understand the partitioning of fat among the major fat depots:IMF,subcutaneous fat(SCF)and visceral fat(VF).In most genotypes of cattle and sheep,the rate of accretion is lower for IMF than for SCF and VF,so genetic selection for a high level of IMF,or the use of an increased dietary energy supply to promote IMF deposition,will increase overall fatness and feed costs.On the other hand,feeding postnatal calves with excessive concentrates promotes IMF deposition,so a nutritional strategy is feasible.With genetic strategies,several problems arise:1)positive genetic correlations between IMF,SCF and VF differ among genotypes in both cattle and sheep;2)genotypes appear to have specific,characteristic rates of accretion of IMF during periods of growth and fattening;3)most breeds of cattle and sheep naturally produce meat with relatively low levels of IMF,but IMF does vary substantially among individuals and breeds so progress is possible through accurate measurement of IMF.Therefore,an essential prerequisite for se-lection will be knowledge of the genetic correlations and fat accretion rates for each genotype.Currently,selection for IMF is based on existing technology that directly measures IMF in the progeny or siblings,or estimates IMF in live animals.New technology is needed to permit the simultaneous measurement of SCF and IMF in the field,thus opening up the possibility of accurate selection,particularly for fat partitioning in live animals.Specifically,there would be great value in detecting individuals with an IMF advantage at an early age so the generation interval could be shortened and genetic gain accelerated.Genetic gain would also be greatly aided if we could select for genes that control adipogenesis and lipogenesis and are also differentially expressed in the various depots.
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    Effects of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on growth performance,antioxidant status,immune response,and intestinal health of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

    Xiaoxue MengFumei YangLulu ZhuLingli Zhan...
    387-396页
    查看更多>>摘要：A feeding trial was conducted to assess the impacts of dietary astaxanthin from wall-broken Haemato-coccus pluvialis(WBHPA)on the growth performance,antioxidant status,immune response,and intes-tinal health of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss).Six experimental diets were formulated with various concentrations of WBHPA,ranging from 0 to 8.4 g/kg(containing 0 to 125 mg/kg astaxanthin).Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of rainbow trout(mean initial weight of 561 g)twice daily for 9 consecutive weeks.The survival rate and feed intake of fish exhibited no significant differences among the dietary groups(P＞0.05).Similarly,dietary inclusion of 25 to 100 mg/kg astaxanthin did not significantly affect the weight gain and daily growth coefficient(P＞0.05),but excessive inclusion of astaxanthin(125 mg/kg)slightly depressed these parameters(P＜0.05).Dietary inclusion of 25 to 50 mg/kg astaxanthin increased the activities of intestinal digestion and absorption enzymes(lipase,creatine ki-nase,and alkaline phosphatase),while the inclusion of 25 to 75 mg/kg astaxanthin improved the im-mune response of fish.Furthermore,regardless of inclusion level(25 to 125 mg/kg),dietary astaxanthin supplementation strengthened the intestinal mucosal barrier function and improved antioxidant activity,thereby promoting intestinal development.Conclusively,25 to 75 mg/kg astaxanthin from WBHPA was recommended to be included in diets for rainbow trout.
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    Excessive level of dietary insect protein negatively changed growth metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles of largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)

    Hao SunWenjing DongGuanglun HeYong Long...
    397-407页
    查看更多>>摘要：Hermetia illucens(HI)meal is a promising substitute for fish meal(FM)in the feeds of farmed fish.However,the impacts of dietary HI meal on largemouth bass(LMB)remain unknown.In this study,we formulated three isonitrogenous and isolipid diets with 0％(HI0,control),20％(H120)and 40％(HI40)of FM substituted by HI meal.A total of 270 juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 10.02±0.03 g were used(30 fish per tank).After an 80-day feeding trial,the fish fed with the HI40 diet demonstrated decreased growth performance and protein efficiency ratio(PER),and increased liver oxidative indices and lipid accumulation compared to the control(P＜0.05).Transcriptomic analysis revealed the effects of high dietary HI meal on liver gene expression.Consistent with the reduced growth and disturbed liver oxidative status,the upregulated genes were enriched in the biological processes associated with protein catabolism and endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress;while the downregulated genes were enriched in cellular proliferation,growth,metabolism,immunity and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.Differential metabolites in the liver samples were also identified by untargeted metab-olomic assay.The results of joint transcriptomic-metabolomic analyses revealed that the pathways such as one carbon pool by folate,propanoate metabolism and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism were disturbed by high dietary HI meal.In summary,our data revealed the candidate genes,metabolites and biological pathways that account for the adverse effects of high HI meal diet on the growth and health of LMB.
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    Effects of electrolyte balance on intestinal barrier,amino acid metabolism,and mTORC1 signaling pathway in piglets fed low-protein diets

    Qian LinXiaodian TuXin LiFeiyang Gou...
    408-417页
    查看更多>>摘要：A proper dietary electrolyte balance(dEB)is essential to ensure optimal growth performance of piglets.In the low-protein diet,this balance may be affected by the reduction of soybean meal and the inclusion of high levels of synthetic amino acids.The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the optimal dEB of low-protein diets and its impact on the growth performance of piglets.A total of 108 piglets(initial age of 35 d)were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates of 6 pigs each as follows:low electrolyte diet(LE group;dEB=150 milliequivalents[mEq]/kg);medium electrolyte diet(ME group;dEB=250 mEq/kg);high electrolyte diet(HE group;dEB=350 mEq/kg).Results indicated that the LE and HE diet significantly decreased the average daily gain,average daily feed intake,and crude protein digestibility(P＜0.05)in piglets.Meanwhile,LE diets disrupted the structural integrity of the piglets'intestines and decreased je-junal tight junction protein(occludin and claudin-1)expression(P＜0.05).Additionally,the pH and HCO3-in the arterial blood of piglets in the LE group were lower than those in the ME and HE groups(P＜0.05).Interestingly,the LE diet significantly increased lysine content in piglet serum(P＜0.05),decreased the levels of arginine,leucine,glutamic acid,and alanine(P＜0.05),and inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1)pathway by decreasing the phosphorylation abundance of key proteins.In summary,the dietary electrolyte imbalance could inhibit the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway,which might be a key factor in the influence of the dEB on piglet growth performance and intestinal health.Moreover,second-order polynomial(quadratic)regression analysis showed that the optimal dEB of piglets in the low-protein diet was 250 to 265 mEq/kg.
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    Impact of dietary supplementation with β-alanine on the rumen microbial crude protein supply,nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in beef steers elucidated through sequencing the rumen bacterial community

    Jinming HuShuo ZhangMengmeng LiGuangyong Zhao...
    418-427页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study investigated the effects of β-alanine(p-Ala)on rumen fermentation,nutrient digestibility,nitrogen(N)metabolism,plasma biochemical parameters,and rumen bacterial communities in beef steers.Six steers with initial liveweight of 252.8±5.2 kg and 3 treatments of supplementing with 0,30,or 60 g β-Ala per day to basal diet were allocated in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design.Each experimental period was 20 d,of which the first 15 d were for adaptation and the subsequent 5 d were for sampling.The results showed that β-Ala linearly increased the ruminal concentration of microbial crude protein(MCP)(P=0.005),but it did not affect the ruminal concentrations of ammonia N and total volatile fatty acids(P＞0.10).β-Ala also linearly increased the dry matter(DM)(P=0.009),organic matter(OM)(P=0.017)and crude protein(CP)(P=0.043)digestibility,tended to decrease the acid detergent fiber digestibility(P=0.077),but it did not affect the neutral detergent fiber digestibility(P=0.641).β-Ala quadratically increased the relative abundance of ruminal Bacteroidota(P=0.021)at the phylum level,and increased Prevotella(P=0.028)and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003(P=0.014),and decreased the relative abundance of NK4A214_group(P=0.009)at the genus level.Feeding steers with β-Ala linearly increased the urinary N(P=0.006),urea excretions(P=0.002)and the N retention(P=0.004),but it did not affect the N utilization efficiency(P=0.120).β-Ala quadratically increased the plasma concentration of the total antioxidant capacity(P=0.011)and linearly increased the plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1(P＜0.001).In summary,dietary supplementation with β-Ala improved the rumen MCP supply and increased the digestibility of DM,OM,CP and the N retention.Further research is necessary to verify the ruminal degradability of β-Ala and to investigate the mech-anism of the impact of absorbed β-Ala on the anti-oxidative ability in steers.
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    Effects of hydroxyproline supplementation in low fish meal diets on collagen synthesis,myofiber development and muscular texture of juvenile Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)

    Menglin ShiHaoming LiTianyu ChenBocheng Huang...
    428-437页
    查看更多>>摘要：This experiment aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary hydroxyproline(Hyp)supplementation on the muscle quality of juvenile Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)fed a low fishmeal diet.Six formulated diets included one high fishmeal(HF;25％fishmeal content)and five low fishmeal diets(10％fishmeal content)with 0％,0.2％,0.4％,0.6％and 0.8％Hyp(LFO,LF2,LF4,LF6 and LF8,respectively).Each diet was assigned to four replicates,and 40 shrimp(0.32±0.00 g)per replicate were fed four times a day for 8 weeks.Dietary Hyp supplementation had little effects on growth performance,but increased the contents of Hyp,prolyl 4-hydroxylases(P4Hs),and collagen.The meat yield,springiness,hardness,chewiness,and cohesiveness of muscle were the highest in the LF4 group among the low fishmeal groups(P＜0.05).Cooking loss and freezing loss of muscle were the lowest in the LF4 group(P＜0.05).Dietary supplementation with 0.4％Hyp increased the myofiber density and decreased the myofiber diameter of muscle(P＜0.05).Supplementation of Hyp in the diet up-regulated the mRNA expression of smyhc5,smyhc15,col1a1,col1a2,igf-1f,tgf-β and tor and down-regulated the mRNA expression of smy hc1,smyhc2,smyhc6a(P＜0.05).Supplementation of Hyp in the diet up-regulated the protein expression of P-4E-BP1,P-AKT,AKT and P-AKT/AKT(P＜0.05).These results suggested that the addition of 0.4％Hyp to low fishmeal diets improved the muscle quality of L.vannamei.
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    Assessment of four different dietary amino acid profiles recommended for ISA Brown layer hens:A validation study

    Mehdi ToghyaniShemil MacellineJuliano C.de Paula DorigamPeter V.Chrystal...
    438-446页
    查看更多>>摘要：The current feeding study was designed to validate the two dietary essential amino acid profiles(EAAP)established based on linear broken-line(LBL)and quadratic broken-line(QBL)models,in a previous study,against Evonik(AMINOHen)and breeder recommendations for ISA Brown layers for peak pro-duction(PP,20 to 44 weeks of age),and post peak production(post PP,44 to 75 weeks of age).The EAAP based on LBL models on average had 19.5％and 26.0％lower digestible AA(Lys,Met+Cys,Thr,Trp,Ile and Val),than the EAAP based on QBL models for PP and post PP,respectively.The EAAP based on AMINOHen and breeder recommendation had lower digestible AA than QBL,and higher EAAP than LBL models for both production phases.At 20 weeks of age,224 ISA Brown layer hens were weighed and randomly allocated to individual battery cages.Each of the four diets was replicated 8 times with 7 birds per replicate.Egg production was recorded daily,and egg weights were measured at the end of each week.Feed consumption was measured at the end of each period.The egg production rate was not significantly affected by the diets and remained at around 98.0％(PP)and 95.0％(post PP)(P＞0.05).Birds fed diets based on LBL recommendation consistently laid smaller eggs,resulting in a lower egg mass(59.8 vs.62.0 g egg/hen per day during PP,and 60.3 vs.63.0 g egg/hen per day during post PP;P＜0.05).Diets had no significant effect on feed intake and body weight(P＞0.05).The highest feed conversion ratio(FCR)during PP(P=0.067)and post PP(P＜0.05)was recorded for the birds offered diets based on LBL recommendation.In conclusion,all four EAAP tested in this study support an above average egg production rate.However,the EAAP based on LBL models may potentially decrease the input feed cost per kilogram of eggs but are not set to optimise FCR and maximise egg mass.
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    Replacement of fish meal with cottonseed protein concentrate in Chinese mitten crab(Eriocheir sinensis):Nutrient digestibility,growth performance,free amino acid profile,and expression of genes related to nutrient metabolism

    Xinting LiuDanyang ZouYizhu WangYutong Zhuang...
    447-462页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study aimed to investigate the application of cottonseed protein concentrate(CPC)in Chinese mitten crabs(Eriocheir sinensis).First,the apparent digestibility coefficient(ADC)of CPC,fish meal and soybean meal were compared in crabs(21.72±0.33 g).The protein ADC of CPC was 90.42％,which was signifi-cantly higher than that of soybean meal(83.16％)(P＜0.05).The ADC of Phe,Cys and Glu of CPC were significantly higher than those of fish meal,while the ADC of Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,Thr and Ala of CPC were significantly lower(P＜0.05).Second,we investigated the effects of fish meal substitution by CPC on growth performance,free amino acid profile,and expression of genes related to nutrient metabolism in crabs.Six diets were formulated by replacing 0％,15％,30％,45％,60％and 75％fish meal with CPC,namely FM,CPC15,CPC30,CPC45,CPC60,and CPC75.A total of 630 crabs(1.68±0.00 g)were randomly divided into 18 tanks(3 tanks per group)and fed 3 times daily for 9 weeks.Results showed that CPC75 group significantly reduced growth performance,feed conversion efficiency,and free Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,and Thr contents in muscle(P＜0.05).The contents of free amino acids(Arg,His,Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,Phe,Thr,Val,Ala,Cys,Glu,Gly,Ser and Tyr)in hepatopancreas decreased linearly with the increase of dietary CPC level(P＜0.05).The substitution of more than 45％fish meal with CPC significantly decreased the concen-tration of delicious amino acids(Ala,Glu and Gly)in hepatopancreas(P＜0.05),which might adversely affect crab flavor.The expression of genes related to antioxidant capacity,protein transport,TOR pathway and lipid metabolism was significantly downregulated by increasing dietary CPC level(P＜0.05).In conclusion,based on the quadratic regression analysis of FCR and PER,the optimal replacement levels of fish meal with CPC in crab diet containing 35％fish meal were 32.36％and 35.38％,respectively.It is recommended that Ile,Leu and Thr be supplemented in addition to Met and Lys in the application of CPC.
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