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工程（英文）
工程（英文）

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2095-8099

工程（英文）/Journal EngineeringCSTPCDCSCD北大核心SCI
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    Preventing the Immense Increase in the Life-Cycle Energy and Carbon Footprints of LLM-Powered Intelligent Chatbots

    Peng JiangChristian SonneWangliang LiFengqi You...
    202-210页
    查看更多>>摘要：Intelligent chatbots powered by large language models(LLMs)have recently been sweeping the world,with potential for a wide variety of industrial applications.Global frontier technology companies are feverishly participating in LLM-powered chatbot design and development,providing several alternatives beyond the famous ChatGPT.However,training,fine-tuning,and updating such intelligent chatbots con-sume substantial amounts of electricity,resulting in significant carbon emissions.The research and devel-opment of all intelligent LLMs and software,hardware manufacturing(e.g.,graphics processing units and supercomputers),related data/operations management,and material recycling supporting chatbot ser-vices are associated with carbon emissions to varying extents.Attention should therefore be paid to the entire life-cycle energy and carbon footprints of LLM-powered intelligent chatbots in both the present and future in order to mitigate their climate change impact.In this work,we clarify and highlight the energy consumption and carbon emission implications of eight main phases throughout the life cycle of the development of such intelligent chatbots.Based on a life-cycle and interaction analysis of these phases,we propose a system-level solution with three strategic pathways to optimize the management of this industry and mitigate the related footprints.While anticipating the enormous potential of this advanced technology and its products,we make an appeal for a rethinking of the mitigation pathways and strategies of the life-cycle energy usage and carbon emissions of the LLM-powered intelligent chatbot industry and a reshaping of their energy and environmental implications at this early stage of development.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Hydrogen Storage Performance During Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs:A Review

    Lingping ZengRegina SanderYongqiang ChenQuan Xie...
    211-225页
    查看更多>>摘要：Hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative to meet the growing demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources.Underground hydrogen storage(UHS)in depleted gas reservoirs holds signifi-cant potential for large-scale energy storage and the seamless integration of intermittent renewable energy sources,due to its capacity to address challenges associated with the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources,ensuring a steady and reliable energy supply.Leveraging the existing infras-tructure and well-characterized geological formations,depleted gas reservoirs offer an attractive option for large-scale hydrogen storage implementation.However,significant knowledge gaps regarding storage performance hinder the commercialization of UHS operation.Hydrogen deliverability,hydrogen trap-ping,and the equation of state are key areas with limited understanding.This literature review critically analyzes and synthesizes existing research on hydrogen storage performance during underground stor-age in depleted gas reservoirs;it then provides a high-level risk assessment and an overview of the techno-economics of UHS.The significance of this review lies in its consolidation of current knowledge,highlighting unresolved issues and proposing areas for future research.Addressing these gaps will advance hydrogen-based energy systems and support the transition to a sustainable energy landscape.Facilitating efficient and safe deployment of UHS in depleted gas reservoirs will assist in unlocking hydro-gen's full potential as a clean and renewable energy carrier.In addition,this review aids policymakers and the scientific community in making informed decisions regarding hydrogen storage technologies.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Large-Scale Carbon Dioxide Storage in Salt Caverns:Evaluation of Operation,Safety,and Potential in China

    Wei LiuXiong ZhangJifang WanChunhe Yang...
    226-246页
    查看更多>>摘要：Underground salt cavern CO2 storage(SCCS)offers the dual benefits of enabling extensive CO2 storage and facilitating the utilization of CO2 resources while contributing the regulation of the carbon market.Its economic and operational advantages over traditional carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)projects make SCCS a more cost-effective and flexible option.Despite the widespread use of salt caverns for storing various substances,differences exist between SCCS and traditional salt cavern energy storage in terms of gas-tightness,carbon injection,brine extraction control,long-term carbon storage sta-bility,and site selection criteria.These distinctions stem from the unique phase change characteristics of CO2 and the application scenarios of SCCS.Therefore,targeted and forward-looking scientific research on SCCS is imperative.This paper introduces the implementation principles and application scenarios of SCCS,emphasizing its connections with carbon emissions,carbon utilization,and renewable energy peak shaving.It delves into the operational characteristics and economic advantages of SCCS compared with other CCUS methods,and addresses associated scientific challenges.In this paper,we establish a pressure equation for carbon injection and brine extraction,that considers the phase change characteristics of CO2,and we analyze the pressure during carbon injection.By comparing the viscosities of CO2 and other gases,SCCS's excellent sealing performance is demonstrated.Building on this,we develop a long-term stability evaluation model and associated indices,which analyze the impact of the injection speed and minimum operating pressure on stability.Field countermeasures to ensure stability are proposed.Site selection cri-teria for SCCS are established,preliminary salt mine sites suitable for SCCS are identified in China,and an initial estimate of achievable carbon storage scale in China is made at over 51.8-77.7 million tons,utiliz-ing only 20％-30％volume of abandoned salt caverns.This paper addresses key scientific and engineering challenges facing SCCS and determines crucial technical parameters,such as the operating pressure,bur-ial depth,and storage scale,and it offers essential guidance for implementing SCCS projects in China.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Experimental Study on Ammonia Co-Firing with Coal for Carbon Reduction in the Boiler of a 300-MW Coal-Fired Power Station

    Qifu LinWangping SunHaiyan LiYangjiong Liu...
    247-259页
    查看更多>>摘要：To reduce CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants,the development of low-carbon or carbon-free fuel combustion technologies has become urgent.As a new zero-carbon fuel,ammonia(NH3)can be used to address the storage and transportation issues of hydrogen energy.Since it is not feasible to completely replace coal with ammonia in the short term,the development of ammonia-coal co-combustion technol-ogy at the current stage is a fast and feasible approach to reduce CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants.This study focuses on modifying the boiler and installing two layers of eight pure-ammonia burn-ers in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant to achieve ammonia-coal co-combustion at proportions ranging from 20％to 10％(by heat ratio)at loads of 180-to 300-MW,respectively.The results show that,during ammonia-coal co-combustion in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant,there was a more significant change in NOx emissions at the furnace outlet compared with that under pure-coal combustion as the boiler oxy-gen levels varied.Moreover,ammonia burners located in the middle part of the main combustion zone exhibited a better high-temperature reduction performance than those located in the upper part of the main combustion zone.Under all ammonia co-combustion conditions,the NH3 concentration at the fur-nace outlet remained below 1 parts per million(ppm).Compared with that under pure-coal conditions,the thermal efficiency of the boiler slightly decreased(by 0.12％-0.38％)under different loads when ammonia co-combustion reached 15 t·h-1.Ammonia co-combustion in coal-fired power plants is a potentially feasible technology route for carbon reduction.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普