查看更多>>摘要：Spiking neural network(SNN),widely known as the third-generation neural network,has been frequently investigated due to its excellent spatiotemporal information processing capability,high biological plausibility,and low energy consumption characteristics.Analogous to the working mechanism of human brain,the SNN system transmits information through the spiking action of neurons.Therefore,artificial neurons are critical building blocks for constructing SNN in hardware.Memristors are drawing growing attention due to low consumption,high speed,and nonlinearity characteristics,which are recently introduced to mimic the functions of biological neurons.Researchers have proposed multifarious memristive materials including organic materials,inorganic materials,or even two-dimensional materials.Taking advantage of the unique electrical behavior of these materials,several neuron models are successfully implemented,such as Hodgkin-Huxley model,leaky integrate-and-fire model and integrate-and-fire model.In this review,the recent reports of artificial neurons based on memristive devices are discussed.In addition,we highlight the models and applications through combining artificial neuronal devices with sensors or other electronic devices.Finally,the future challenges and outlooks of memristor-based artificial neurons are discussed,and the development of hardware implementation of brain-like intelligence system based on SNN is also prospected.
查看更多>>摘要：Laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)has attracted significant attention in both the industry and academic fields since its inception,providing unprecedented advantages to fabricate complex-shaped metallic components.The printing quality and performance of L-PBF alloys are influenced by numerous variables consisting of feedstock powders,manufacturing process,and post-treatment.As the starting materials,metallic powders play a critical role in influencing the fabrication cost,printing consistency,and properties.Given their deterministic roles,the present review aims to retrospect the recent progress on metallic powders for L-PBF including characterization,preparation,and reuse.The powder characterization mainly serves for printing consistency while powder preparation and reuse are introduced to reduce the fabrication costs.Various powder characterization and preparation methods are presented in the beginning by analyzing the measurement principles,advantages,and limitations.Subsequently,the effect of powder reuse on the powder characteristics and mechanical performance of L-PBF parts is analyzed,focusing on steels,nickel-based superalloys,titanium and titanium alloys,and aluminum alloys.The evolution trends of powders and L-PBF parts vary depending on specific alloy systems,which makes the proposal of a unified reuse protocol infeasible.Finally,perspectives are presented to cater to the increased applications of L-PBF technologies for future investigations.The present state-of-the-art work can pave the way for the broad industrial applications of L-PBF by enhancing printing consistency and reducing the total costs from the perspective of powders.
查看更多>>摘要：Diamond is a highly valuable material with diverse industrial applications,particularly in the fields of semiconductor,optics,and high-power electronics.However,its high hardness and chemical stability make it difficult to realize high-efficiency and ultra-low damage machining of diamond.To address these challenges,several polishing methods have been developed for both single crystal diamond(SCD)and polycrystalline diamond(PCD),including mechanical,chemical,laser,and ion beam processing methods.In this review,the characteristics and application scope of various polishing technologies for SCD and PCD are highlighted.Specifically,various energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing technologies,such as laser polishing,ion beam polishing,plasma-assisted polishing,and laser-assisted polishing,are summarized.The current research progress,material removal mechanism,and influencing factors of each polishing technology are analyzed.Although some of these methods can achieve high material removal rates or reduce surface roughness,no single method can meet all the requirements.Finally,the future development prospects and application directions of different polishing technologies are presented.
查看更多>>摘要：Organic electrochemical transistors(OECTs)exhibit significant potential for applications in healthcare and human-machine interfaces,due to their tunable synthesis,facile deposition,and excellent biocompatibility.Expanding OECTs to the flexible devices will significantly facilitate stable contact with the skin and enable more possible bioelectronic applications.In this work,we summarize the device physics of flexible OECTs,aiming to offer a foundational understanding and guidelines for material selection and device architecture.Particular attention is paid to the advanced manufacturing approaches,including photolithography and printing techniques,which establish a robust foundation for the commercialization and large-scale fabrication.And abundantly demonstrated examples ranging from biosensors,artificial synapses/neurons,to bioinspired nervous systems are summarized to highlight the considerable prospects of smart healthcare.In the end,the challenges and opportunities are proposed for flexible OECTs.The purpose of this review is not only to elaborate on the basic design principles of flexible OECTs,but also to act as a roadmap for further exploration of wearable OECTs in advanced bio-applications.
查看更多>>摘要：Adequate vascularization is a critical determinant for the successful construction and clinical implementation of complex organotypic tissue models.Currently,low cell and vessel density and insufficient vascular maturation make vascularized organotypic tissue construction difficult,greatly limiting its use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.To address these limitations,recent studies have adopted pre-vascularized microtissue assembly for the rapid generation of functional tissue analogs with dense vascular networks and high cell density.In this article,we summarize the development of module assembly-based vascularized organotypic tissue construction and its application in tissue repair and regeneration,organ-scale tissue biomanufacturing,as well as advanced tissue modeling.
查看更多>>摘要：Phonons are the quantum mechanical descriptions of vibrational modes that manifest themselves in many physical properties of condensed matter systems.As the size of electronic devices continues to decrease below mean free paths of acoustic phonons,the engineering of phonon spectra at the nanoscale becomes an important topic.Phonon manipulation allows for active control and management of heat flow,enabling functions such as regulated heat transport.At the same time,phonon transmission,as a novel signal transmission method,holds great potential to revolutionize modern industry like microelectronics technology,and boasts wide-ranging applications.Unlike fermions such as electrons,polarity regulation is difficult to act on phonons as bosons,making the development of effective phonon modulation methods a daunting task.This work reviews the development of phonon engineering and strategies of phonon manipulation at different scales,reports the latest research progress of nanophononic devices such as thermal rectifiers,thermal transistors,thermal memories,and thermoelectric devices,and analyzes the phonon transport mechanisms involved.Lastly,we survey feasible perspectives and research directions of phonon engineering.Thermoelectric analogies,external field regulation,and acousto-optic co-optimization are expected to become future research hotspots.
查看更多>>摘要：Bio-inspired macrostructure array(MAA,size:submillimeter to millimeter scale)materials with special wettability(MAAMs-SW)have attracted significant research attention due to their outstanding performance in many applications,including oil repellency,liquid/droplet manipulation,anti-icing,heat transfer,water collection,and oil-water separation.In this review,we focus on recent developments in the theory,design,fabrication,and application of bio-inspired MAAMs-SW.We first review the history of the basic theory of special wettability and discuss representative structures and corresponding functions of some biological surfaces,thus setting the stage for the design and fabrication of bio-inspired MAAMs-SW.We then summarize the fabrication methods of special wetting MAAs in terms of three categories:additive manufacturing,subtractive manufacturing,and formative manufacturing,as well as their diverse functional applications,providing insights into the development of these MAAMs-SW.Finally,the challenges and directions of future research on bio-inspired MAAMs-SW are briefly addressed.Worldwide efforts,progress,and breakthroughs from surface engineering to functional applications elaborated herein will promote the practical application of bio-inspired MAAMs-SW.
查看更多>>摘要：Magnesium(Mg)alloys are considered to be a new generation of revolutionary medical metals.Laser-beam powder bed fusion(PBF-LB)is suitable for fabricating metal implants with personalized and complicated structures.However,the as-built part usually exhibits undesirable microstructure and unsatisfactory performance.In this work,WE43 parts were firstly fabricated by PBF-LB and then subjected to heat treatment.Although a high densification rate of 99.91％was achieved using suitable processes,the as-built parts exhibited anisotropic and layered microstructure with heterogeneously precipitated Nd-rich intermetallic.After heat treatment,fine and nano-scaled Mg24Y5 particles were precipitated.Meanwhile,the α-Mg grains underwent recrystallization and turned coarsened slightly,which effectively weakened the texture intensity and reduced the anisotropy.As a consequence,the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were significantly improved to(250.2±3.5)MPa and(312±3.7)MPa,respectively,while the elongation was still maintained at a high level of 15.2％.Furthermore,the homogenized microstructure reduced the tendency of localized corrosion and favored the development of uniform passivation film.Thus,the degradation rate of WE43 parts was decreased by an order of magnitude.Besides,in-vitro cell experiments proved their favorable biocompatibility.
查看更多>>摘要：Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets play a crucial role in energy conversion and electronic devices.The essential magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets,particularly coercivity and remanent magnetization,are significantly influenced by the phase characteristics and microstructure.In this work,Nd-Fe-B magnets were manufactured using vacuum induction melting(VIM),laser directed energy deposition(LDED)and laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)technologies.The microstructure evolution and phase selection of Nd-Fe-B magnets were then clarified in detail.The results indicated that the solidification velocity(V)and cooling rate(R)are key factors in the phase selection.In terms of the VIM-casting Nd-Fe-B magnet,a large volume fraction of theα-Fe soft magnetic phase(39.7 vol.％)and Nd2Fe17Bx metastable phase(34.7 vol.％)are formed due to the low R(2.3 × 10-1 ℃ s-1),whereas only a minor fraction of the Nd2Fe14B hard magnetic phase(5.15 vol.％)is presented.For the LDED-processed Nd-Fe-B deposit,although the Nd2Fe14B hard magnetic phase also had a low value(3.4 vol.％)as the values of V(＜10-2 m s-1)and R(5.06 x 103 ℃ s-1)increased,part of the α-Fe soft magnetic phase(31.7 vol.％)is suppressed,and a higher volume of Nd2Fe17Bx metastable phases(47.5 vol.％)are formed.As a result,both the VIM-casting and LDED-processed Nd-Fe-B deposits exhibited poor magnetic properties.In contrast,employing the high values of V(＞10-2 m s-1)and R(1.45 × 106 ℃s-1)in the LPBF process resulted in the substantial formation of the Nd2Fe14B hard magnetic phase(55.8 vol.％)directly from the liquid,while the α-Fe soft magnetic phase and Nd2Fe17Bx metastable phase precipitation are suppressed in the LPBF-processed Nd-Fe-B magnet.Additionally,crystallographic texture analysis reveals that the LPBF-processed Nd-Fe-B magnets exhibit isotropic magnetic characteristics.Consequently,the LPBF-processed Nd-Fe-B deposit,exhibiting a coercivity of 656 kA m-1,remanence of 0.79 T and maximum energy product of 71.5 kJ m-3,achieved an acceptable magnetic performance,comparable to other additive manufacturing processed Nd-Fe-B magnets from MQP(Nd-lean)Nd-Fe-B powder.
查看更多>>摘要：Bacterial infection is a major issue after artificial bone transplantation due to the absence of antibacterial function of bone scaffold,which seriously causes the transplant failure and even amputation in severe cases.In this study,oxygen vacancy(OV)defects Fe-doped TiO2(OV-FeTiO2)nanoparticles were synthesized by nano TiO2 and Fe3O4 via high-energy ball milling,which was then incorporated into polycaprolactone/polyglycolic acid(PCLGA)biodegradable polymer matrix to construct composite bone scaffold with good antibacterial activities by selective laser sintering.The results indicated that OV defects were introduced into the core/shell-structured OV-FeTiO2 nanoparticles through multiple welding and breaking during the high-energy ball milling,which facilitated the adsorption of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)in the bacterial infection microenvironment at the bone transplant site.The accumulated H2O2 could amplify the Fenton reaction efficiency to induce more hydroxyl radicals(OH),thereby resulting in more bacterial deaths through OH-mediated oxidative damage.This antibacterial strategy had more effective broad-spectrum antibacterial properties against Gram-negative Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).In addition,the PCLGA/OV-FeTiO2 scaffold possessed mechanical properties that match those of human cancellous bone and good biocompatibility including cell attachment,proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.
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