查看更多>>摘要：Economic policy uncertainty has prominent effects on investment and output.Using unique transaction-level data in China,this paper explores the impact of economic policy uncertainty on land transaction premiums in China.On average,a 1％increase in the policy uncertainty level reduces land transaction premiums by 3.907 percentage points.The impact of policy uncertainty is more profound for firms with tighter financial constraints and land located in cities with lower rent-to-price ratios.The influence of policy uncertainty becomes weaker after the anti-corruption campaign in China,especially in provinces scrutinised by the central inspection teams,implying that improvements in the political environment alleviates the impact of policy uncertainty.
查看更多>>摘要：The so-called Cultural Tightness-Looseness(CTL)concept intends to describe the socio-cultural foundation of societies by the strict-ness of social norms.In this paper,CTL is used to investigate its relevance to enforcing tax compliance.The CTL concept is formal-ised by structural payoff matrices for the confrontation between citizens and officials.Social norms and their impacts on the behaviour of the parties in a conflict are used to define several variants of tight and loose societies.The payoff matrices are employed to classify respective forms of societies.For a dynamic analysis,'power'and'trust',as policy measures of behaviour con-trol,are introduced to determine which instrument or combin-ation of instruments emerges as the most relevant and effective option in the respective societal setting.The result is that'trust'emerges in tight societies as the more important instrument of behaviour control,whereas'power'appears as the more crucial tool in loose societies.Therefore,it is concluded that power or the'cops and robbers'approach is usually applied in loose soci-eties to enforce tax compliance.By contrast,'trust'via the provi-sion of information and support for paying taxes can be more often used in tight societies.
查看更多>>摘要：As part of their ordinary enforcement activities,tax authorities around the world use letters and other forms of personalised communications to elicit tax compliance at a low cost.The litera-ture shows that the impact of a threat-of-audit letter(TAL)depends critically on the credibility of the letter which,in turn,depends on the information disclosed to the taxpayer.We study a TAL that is credible because it also uses third-party information to target a form of cost manipulation but,at the same time,incentivises alternative forms of cost manipulation by not target-ing them.We find that the direct impact on the targeted cost manipulation is stronger than the strategic increase in other costs,and therefore the overall effect of the TAL on taxable income is positive.Our approach can be applied to any letter or enforce-ment action that reveals information to taxpayers and thus prompts their strategic responses.By observing the taxpayers'responses along all relevant dimensions,the tax authority can evaluate the impact of the strategy and also obtain valuable infor-mation to target future enforcement activities.
查看更多>>摘要：The literature has long analysed optimal taxation policies in economies where tax evasion is widespread.Nevertheless,very lit-tle has been produced on the relationship between public debt,tax evasion,and long-term economic growth.In this article,we investigate the relationship between sovereign debt sustainability and tax evasion by computing under which conditions the debt/GDP ratio is endogenously mean reverting in the context where tax evasion may increase the public debt and public expenditure is used to finance public and merit goods.For a log utility consumer,the level of tax evasion has no effect on the mean reverting conditions while the same is not true for more general functional forms.Finally,we conclude that allowing for tax evasion is not a suitable policy to make the debt/GDP ratio stable over time,especially in low-growth economies.
查看更多>>摘要：In this paper,we set up a mixed duopoly competition model between state-owned and private firms in order to compare spe-cific and ad valorem taxes.Assuming that the total output under specific and ad valorem taxation remains unchanged,we find that if the public firm is completely privatised,the output of the private firm under the two tax schemes will be the same.If the public firm is not completely privatised,the output of the the pri-vate firm under specific taxation will be greater than that under ad valorem taxation.If the private firm is a pure local one,the social benefits will be the same under the two tax schemes.However,if the private firm is a joint venture that involves domestic and foreign entities,social welfare under ad valorem taxation will be greater than that under specific taxation.
查看更多>>摘要：We examine the effect of privatisation on the priority of the maximum-revenue tariff and the optimum-welfare tariff in an international mixed oligopoly with foreign competition and optimal privatisation.We demonstrate that when the marginal cost of the domestic privatised firm is high enough,the optimum-welfare tariff will exceed the maximum-revenue tariff.Moreover,due to the higher tariff rate that leads to the high degree of privatisation,the optimum-welfare tariff generates greater optimal privatisation than the maximum-revenue tariff does.Lastly,when the gap between the number of domestic private firms and that of their foreign counterparts becomes larger,the optimum-welfare tariff will exceed the maximum-revenue tariff.
NETL
NSTL
万方数据
维普