查看更多>>摘要：With the development of sequencing technology,transfer RNA(tRNA)-derived small RNAs(tsRNAs)have received extensive attention as a new type of small noncoding RNAs.Based on the differences in the cleavage sites of nucleases on tRNAs,tsRNAs can be divided into two categories,tRNA halves(tiRNAs)and tRNA-derived fragments(tRFs),each with specific subcel-lular localizations.Additionally,the biogenesis of tsRNAs is tissue-specific and can be regulated by tRNA modifications.In this review,we first elaborated on the classification and biogenesis of tsRNAs.After summarizing the latest mechanisms of tsRNAs,including transcriptional gene silencing,post-transcriptional gene silencing,nascent RNA silencing,translation regulation,rRNA regulation,and reverse transcription regulation,we explored the representative biolog-ical functions of tsRNAs in tumors.Furthermore,this review summarized the clinical value of tsRNAs in cancers,thus providing theoretical support for their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
查看更多>>摘要：An accumulation of previous work has established organoids as good preclinical models of human tumors,facilitating translation from basic research to clinical practice.They are changing.the paradigm of preclinical cancer research because they can recapitulate the heterogeneity and pathophysiology of human cancers and more closely approximate the com-plex tissue environment and structure found in clinical tumors than in vitro cell lines and an-imal models.However,the potential applications of cancer organoids remain to be comprehensively summarized.In the review,we firstly describe what is currently known about cancer organoid culture and then discuss in depth the basic mechanisms,including tumorigen-esis and tumor metastasis,and describe recent advances in patient-derived tumor organoids(PDOs)for drug screening and immunological studies.Finally,the present challenges faced by organoid technology in clinical practice and its prospects are discussed.This review high-lights that organoids may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer research.
查看更多>>摘要：Juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)is one of the most common chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in children,with onset before age 16 and lasting for more than 6 weeks.JIA is a highly heterogeneous condition with various consequences for health and quality of life.For some JIA patients,early detection and intervention remain challenging.As a result,further investigation of the complex and unknown mechanisms underlying JIA is required.Advances in technology now allow us to describe the biological heterogeneity and function of individual cell populations in JIA.Through this review,we hope to provide novel ideas and potential tar-gets for the diagnosis and treatment of JIA by summarizing the current findings of single-cell RNA sequencing studies and understanding how the major cell subsets drive JIA pathogenesis.
查看更多>>摘要：Lysine-specific demethylase 4 A(KDM4A,also named JMJD2A,KIA0677,or JHDM3A)is a demethylase that can remove methyl groups from histones H3K9me2/3,H3K36me2/3,and H1.4K26me2/me3.Accumulating evidence suggests that KDM4A is not only involved in body ho-meostasis(such as cell proliferation,migration and differentiation,and tissue development)but also associated with multiple human diseases,especially cancers.Recently,an increasing number of studies have shown that pharmacological inhibition of KDM4A significantly attenu-ates tumor progression in vitro and in vivo in a range of solid tumors and acute myeloid leu-kemia.Although there are several reviews on the roles of the KDM4 subfamily in cancer development and therapy,all of them only briefly introduce the roles of KDM4A in cancer without systematically summarizing the specific mechanisms of KDM4A in various physiological and pathological processes,especially in tumorigenesis,which greatly limits advances in the understanding of the roles of KDM4A in a variety of cancers,discovering targeted selective KDM4A inhibitors,and exploring the adaptive profiles of KDM4A antagonists.Herein,we pre-sent the structure and functions of KDM4A,simply outline the functions of KDM4A in homeosta-sis and non-cancer diseases,summarize the role of KDM4A and its distinct target genes in the development of a variety of cancers,systematically classify KDM4A inhibitors,summarize the difficulties encountered in the research of KDM4A and the discovery of related drugs,and pro-vide the corresponding solutions,which would contribute to understanding the recent research trends on KDM4A and advancing the progression of KDM4A as a drug target in cancer therapy.
查看更多>>摘要：Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor affecting children and adolescents.Currently,the most common treatment is surgery combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Although the survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma has improved in recent years,it remains poor when the tumor(s)progress and distant metastases develop.Therefore,better animal models that more accurately replicate the natural progression of the disease are needed to develop improved prognostic and diagnostic markers,as well as tar-geted therapies for both primary and metastatic osteosarcoma.The present review described animal models currently being used in research investigating osteosarcoma,and their charac-teristics,advantages,and disadvantages.These models may help elucidate the pathogenic mechanism(s)of osteosarcoma and provide evidence to support and develop clinical treatment strategies.
查看更多>>摘要：The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)system is an acquired immune system of many bacteria and archaea,comprising CRISPR loci,Cas genes,and its associated proteins.This system can recog-nize exogenous DNA and utilize the Cas9 protein's nuclease activity to break DNA double-strand and to achieve base insertion or deletion by subsequent DNA repair.In recent years,multiple laboratory and clinical studies have revealed the therapeutic role of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in neurological diseases.This article reviews the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing technology and its potential for clinical application against neurological diseases.
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