查看更多>>摘要：Compared to other organisms,plants have evolved a greater number of aquaporins with diverse sub-strates and functions to adapt to ever-changing environmental and internal stimuli for growth and devel-opment.Although aquaporins were initially identified as channels that allow water molecules to cross biological membranes,progress has been made in identifying various novel permeable substrates.Many studies have characterized the versatile physiological and biophysical functions of plant aquapor-ins.Here,we review the recent reports that highlight aquaporin-facilitated regulation of major physiolog-ical processes and stress tolerance throughout plant life cycles as well as the potential prospects and possibilities of applying aquaporins to improve agricultural productivity,food quality,environmental protection,and ecological conservation.
查看更多>>摘要：Rice and wheat provide nearly 40％of human calorie and protein requirements.They share a common ancestor and belong to the Poaceae(grass)family.Characterizing their genetic homology is crucial for developing new cultivars with enhanced traits.Several wheat genes and gene families have been charac-terized based on their rice orthologs.Rice-wheat orthology can identify genetic regions that regulate similar traits in both crops.Rice-wheat comparative genomics can identify candidate wheat genes in a genomic region identified by association or QTL mapping,deduce their putative functions and biochem-ical pathways,and develop molecular markers for marker-assisted breeding.A knowledge of gene homol-ogy facilitates the transfer between crops of genes or genomic regions associated with desirable traits by genetic engineering,gene editing,or wide crossing.
查看更多>>摘要：The continued expansion of the world population,increasingly inconsistent climate and shrinking agri-cultural resources present major challenges to crop breeding.Fortunately,the increasing ability to dis-cover and manipulate genes creates new opportunities to develop more productive and resilient cultivars.Many genes have been described in papers as being beneficial for yield increase.However,few of them have been translated into increased yield on farms.In contrast,commercial breeders are fac-ing gene decidophobia,i.e.,puzzled about which gene to choose for breeding among the many identified,a huge chasm between gene discovery and cultivar innovation.The purpose of this paper is to draw atten-tion to the shortfalls in current gene discovery research and to emphasise the need to align with cultivar innovation.The methodology dictates that genetic studies not only focus on gene discovery but also pay good attention to the genetic backgrounds,experimental validation in relevant environments,appropri-ate crop management,and data reusability.The close of the gaps should accelerate the application of molecular study in breeding and contribute to future global food security.
查看更多>>摘要：Maize plant architecture influences planting density and,in turn,grain yield.Most of the plant architecture-related traits can be described as organ size.We describe a miniature maize mutant,Tiny plant 4(Tip4),which exhibits reduced size of multiple organs and exhibits a semi-dominant monofacto-rial inheritance characteristic.Positional cloning confirmed that a 4-bp deletion in the NAC TF with trans-membrane motif 1-Like(NTL)gene ZmNTL2,denoted as ZmNTL2△,confers the Tip4 mutation.qRT-PCR showed that ZmNTL2 was expressed in all tested tissues.ZmNTL2 functions as a transcriptional activator and is located in both the nucleus and biomembranes.The mutation does not affect the mRNA abundance of ZmNTL2 locus,but it does result in the loss of transmembrane domain and confines the ZmNTL2△ pro-tein to the nucleus.Knocking out ZmNTL2 has no effect on maize organ size development,indicating that the 4-bp deletion might be a gain-of-function mutation in organ size regulation.Combining transcrip-tome sequencing with cytokinin and auxin content determination suggests that the decreased organ size may be possibly mediated by changes in hormone homeostasis.
查看更多>>摘要：Seed plumules comprise multiple developing tissues and are key sites for above-ground plant organ mor-phogenesis.Here,the spatial expression of genes in developing rice seed plumules was characterized by single-cell transcriptome sequencing in Zhongjiazao 17,a popular Chinese indica rice cultivar.Of 15 cell clusters,13 were assigned to cell types using marker genes and cluster-specific genes.Marker genes of multiple cell types were expressed in several clusters,suggesting a complex developmental system.Some genes for signaling by phytohormones such as abscisic acid were highly expressed in specific clus-ters.Various cis-elements in the promoters of genes specifically expressed in cell clusters were calculated,and some key hormone-related motifs were frequent in certain clusters.Spatial expression patterns of genes involved in rapid seed germination,seedling growth,and development were identified.These find-ings enhanced our understanding of cellular diversity and specialization within plumules of rice,a mono-cotyledonous model crop.
查看更多>>摘要：Florets are the basic structural units of spikelets,and their morphogenesis determines the yield and qual-ity of rice grains.However,whether and how pseudouridine-5'-phosphate glycosidase participates in rice spikelet development remains an open question.In this study,we identified a novel gene,OsPPG,which encodes a peroxisome-localized pseudouridine-5'-phosphate glycosidase and regulates the development of rice spikelets.osppg mutants exhibited abnormal sterile lemma,lemma,palea,lodicule,stamens,and pistils;male sterility;shorter panicles;and reduced plant height.OsPPG was found to regulate several OsMADS genes,thereby affecting the morphogenesis of rice spikelets.Furthermore,metabolomics revealed that the OsPPG gene was involved in the decomposition of pseudouridine via the pyrimidine metabolism pathway and may affect the jasmonic acid signaling pathway.These results suggest that OsPPG is a key regulator of rice spikelet development.
查看更多>>摘要：Senescence-induced NAC(senNAC)TFs play a crucial role in senescence during the final stage of leaf development.In this study,we identified a rice senNAC,ONAC016,which functions as a positive regulator of leaf senescence.The expression of ONAC016 increased rapidly in rice leaves during the progression of dark-induced and natural senescence.The onac016-1 knockout mutant showed a delayed leaf yellowing phenotype,whereas the overexpression of ONAC016 accelerated leaf senescence.Notably,ONAC016 expression was upregulated by abscisic acid(ABA),and thus detached leaves of the onac01 6-1 mutant remained green much longer under ABA treatment.Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that ONAC016 upregulates the genes associated with chlorophyll degradation,senescence,and ABA signaling.Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays revealed that ONAC016 binds directly to the promoter regions of OsNAP,a key gene involved in chlorophyll degradation and ABA-induced senescence.Taken together,these results suggest that ONAC016 plays an important role in promoting leaf senescence through the ABA signaling pathway involving OsNAP.
查看更多>>摘要：In a study of DNA methylation changes in melatonin-deficient rice mutants,mutant plants showed pre-mature leaf senescence during grain-filling and reduced grain yield.Melatonin deficiency led to tran-scriptional reprogramming,especially of genes involved in chlorophyll and carbon metabolism,redox regulation,and transcriptional regulation,during dark-induced leaf senescence.Hypomethylation of mCG and mCHG in the melatonin-deficient rice mutants was associated with the expression change of both protein-coding genes and transposable element-related genes.Changes in gene expression and DNA methylation in the melatonin-deficient mutants were compensated by exogenous application of melatonin.A decreased S-adenosyl-L-methionine level may have contributed to the DNA methylation variations in rice mutants of melatonin deficiency under dark conditions.
查看更多>>摘要：In a genome-wide association study,we identified a rice UDP-glycosyltransferase gene,OsUGT706D2,whose transcription was activated in response to cold and submergence stress and to exogenous abscisic acid(ABA).OsUGT706D2 positively regulated the biosynthesis of tricin-4'-O-(syringyl alcohol)ether-7-O-glucoside at both the transcriptional and metabolic levels.OsUGT706D2 mediated cold and submergence tolerance by modulating the expression of stress-responsive genes as well as the abscisic acid(ABA)sig-naling pathway.Gain of function of OsUGT706D2 increased cold and submergence tolerance and loss of function of OsUGT706D2 reduced cold tolerance.ABA positively regulated OsUGT706D2-mediated cold tolerance but reduced submergence tolerance.These findings suggest the potential use of OsUGT706D2 for improving abiotic stress tolerance in rice.
查看更多>>摘要：The cuticular wax,acting as the ultimate defense barrier,is essential for the normal morphogenesis of plant organs.Despite this importance,the connection between wax composition and leaf development has not been thoroughly explored.In this study,we characterized a new maize mutant,ragged leaf4(rgd4),which exhibits crinkled and ragged leaves starting from the sixth leaf stage.The phenotype of rgd4 is conferred by ZmCER1,which encoding an aldehyde decarbonylase involved in wax biosynthesis.ZmCER1 function deficient mutant displayed reduced cuticular wax density and disordered bulliform cells(BCs),while ZmCER1 overexpressing plants exhibited the opposite effects,indicating that ZmCER1 regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis and BCs development.Additionally,as the density of cuticular wax increased,the water loss rate of detached leaf decreases,suggesting that ZmCER1 is positively cor-related with plant drought tolerance.
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