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World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG
Beijing Baishideng BioMed Scientific Co., Ltd
World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG

Beijing Baishideng BioMed Scientific Co., Ltd

不定期

1007-9327

World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG/Journal World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJGSCIISTPAHCI
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    Clinical relevance and public health significance of hepatitis B virus genomic variations

    Guang-Wen Cao
    5761-5769页
    查看更多>>摘要：Ten hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes (A-J) and 34 HBV subgenotypes have been identified so far. HBV genotypes and subgenotypes have distinct geographical distributions, and have been shown to differ with regard to clinical outcome, prognosis, and response to interferon treatment. Infection with subgenotype A2 is frequently associated with high viral load, resulting in acute infection via horizontal transmission. Genotypes A and B are more sensitive to interferon treatment than genotypes D and C, respectively. Genotype B is more frequent in acute hepatitis than genotype C, whereas genotype C (C2) is more frequently associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mostly cirrhotic, as compared with genotype B (B2). Genotype mixture is associated with high viral load and worse outcome of HBV infection. HBV mutations in the S genes, especially amino acids substitution at position 145 (G145R), are associated with immune escape, whereas mutations in the PreS or S genes which impair HBsAg secretion could present a risk to blood safety. HBV variants harboring mutations in the viral polymerase gene that confer resistance to nucleoside analogs may be selected during antiviral therapy. Different genotypes have distinct mutation patterns in the PreS and Enh II/BCP/Precore regions. PreS deletions, C1653T, T1753V, and A1762T/G1764A are associated with an increased risk of HCC. HCC-associated HBV mutants may not transmit via mother-to-child transmission, and are likely generated during HBV-induced pathogenesis. Examination of HBV mutations alone or in combination and host genetic susceptibility will be helpful in classifying the HBV-infected subjects who will develop HCC and need active antiviral treatments.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Baishideng Publishing Group Inc

    Confocal laser endomicroscopy in the 'in vivo' histological diagnosis of the gastrointestinal tract

    Giovanni D De Palma
    5770-5775页
    查看更多>>摘要：Recent technological advances in miniaturization have allowed for a confocal scanning microscope to be integrated into a conventional flexible endoscope, or into trans-endoscopic probes, a technique now known as confocal endomicroscopy or confocal laser endomicroscopy. This newly-developed technology has enabled endoscopists to collect real-time in vivo histological images or "virtual biopsies" of the gastrointestinal mucosa during endoscopy, and has stimulated significant interest in the application of this technique in clinical gastroenterology. This review aims to evaluate the current data on the technical aspects and the utility of this new technology in clinical gastroenterology and its potential impact in the future, particularly in the screening or surveillance of gastrointestinal neoplasia.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Baishideng Publishing Group Inc

    Signal molecule-mediated hepatic cell communication during liver regeneration

    Zhen-Yu ZhengShun-Yan WengYan Yu
    5776-5783页
    查看更多>>摘要：Liver regeneration is a complex and well-orchestrated process, during which hepatic cells are activated to produce large signal molecules in response to liver injury or mass reduction. These signal molecules, in turn, set up the connections and cross-talk among liver cells to promote hepatic recovery. In this review, we endeavor to summarize the network of signal molecules that mediates hepatic cell communication in the regulation of liver regeneration.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL

    Potential role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease

    Zhan-Ju LiuPraveen K YadavJing-Ling SuJun-Shan Wang...
    5784-5788页
    查看更多>>摘要：The etiopathology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains elusive. Accumulating evidence suggests that the abnormality of innate and adaptive immunity responses plays an important role in intestinal inflammation. IBD including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which is implicated in an inappropriate and overactive mucosal immune response to luminai flora. Traditionally, CD is regarded as a Th1-mediated inflammatory disorder while UC is regarded as a Th2-like disease. Recently, Th17 cells were identified as a new subset of T helper cells unrelated to Th1 or Th2 cells, and several cytokines [e.g. interleukin (IL)-21, IL-23] are involved in regulating their activation and differentiation. They not only play an important role in host defense against extracellular pathogens, but are also associated with the development of autoimmunity and inflammatory response such as IBD. The identification of Thl7 cells helps us to explain some of the anomalies seen in the Th1/Th2 axis and has broadened our understanding of the immunopathological effects of Th17 cells in the development of IBD.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL

    Role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in hepatic fibrosis

    Christina LohwasserDaniel NeureiterYury PopovMichael Bauer...
    5789-5798页
    查看更多>>摘要：AIM: To study the role of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and their specific receptor (RAGE) in the pathogenesis of liver fibrogenesis.METHODS: In vitro RAGE expression and extracellular matrix-related gene expression in both rat and human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were measured after stimulation with the two RAGE ligands, advanced glycation end product-bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) and N~ε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML)-BSA, or with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In vivo RAGE expression was examined in models of hepatic fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation or thioacetamide. The effects of AGE-BSA and CML-BSA on HSC proliferation, signal transduction and profibrogenic gene expression were studied in vitro.RESULTS: In hepatic fibrosis, RAGE expression was enhanced in activated HSC, and also in endothelial cells, inflammatory cells and activated bile duct epithelia. HSC expressed RAGE which was upregulated after stimulation with AGE-BSA, CML-BSA, and TNF-α.RAGE stimulation with AGE-BSA and CML-BSA did not alter HSC proliferation, apoptosis, fibrogenic signal transduction and fibrosis- or fibrolysis-related gene expression, except for marginal upregulation of procollagen α1(I) mRNA by AGE-BSA.CONCLUSION: Despite upregulation of RAGE in activated HSC, RAGE stimulation by AGE does not alter their fibrogenic activation. Therefore, RAGE does not contribute directly to hepatic fibrogenesis.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Baishideng Publishing Group Inc

    Identification of TRPM7 channels in human intestinal interstitial cells of Cajal

    Byung Joo KimKyu Joo ParkHyung Woo KimSeok Choi...
    5799-5804页
    查看更多>>摘要：AIM: To investigate the characteristics of slow electrical waves and the presence of transient receptor potential melastatin-type 7 (TRPM7) in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract.METHODS: Conventional microelectrode techniques were used to record intracellular electrical responses from human GI smooth muscle tissue. Immunohisto-chemistry was used to identify TRPM7 channels in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs).RESULTS: The human GI tract generated slow electrical waves and had ICCs which functioned as pacemaker cells. Flufenamic acid, a nonselective cation channel blocker, and 2-APB (2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate) and La~(3+), TRPM7 channel blockers, inhibited the slow waves. Also, TRPM7 channels were expressed in ICCs in human tissue.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the human GI tract generates slow waves and that TRPM7 channels expressed in the ICCs may be involved in the generation of the slow waves.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Baishideng Publishing Group Inc

    Role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis of focal hepatic lesions

    Naoto KoikeAkihiro ChoKatsuhiro NasuKazuhiko Seto...
    5805-5812页
    查看更多>>摘要：AIM: To evaluate the utility of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in screening and differential diagnosis of benign and malignant focal hepatic lesions.METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were performed using the Signa Excite XI Twin Speed 1.5T system (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Seventy patients who had undergone MRI of the liver [29 hepatoceliular carcinomas (HCC), four cholangiocarcinomas, 34 metastatic liver cancers, 10 hemangiomas, and eight cysts] between April 2004 and August 2008 were retrospectively evaluated. Visualization of lesions, relative contrast ratio (RCR), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were compared between benign and malignant lesions on DWI. Su-perparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) was administered to 59 patients, and RCR was compared pre- and post-administration.RESULTS: DWI showed higher contrast between malignant lesions (especially in multiple small metastatic cancers) and surrounding liver parenchyma than did contrast-enhanced computed tomography. ADCs (mean ± SD × 10~3 mm~2/s) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in malignant lesions (HCC: 1.31 ± 0.28 and liver metastasis: 1.11 ± 0.22) and were significantly higher in benign lesions (hemangioma: 1.84 ± 0.37 and cyst: 2.61 ± 0.45) than in the surrounding hepatic tissues. RCR between malignant lesions and surrounding hepatic tissues significantly improved after SPIO administration, but RCRs in benign lesions were not improved.CONCLUSION: DWI is a simple and sensitive method for screening focal hepatic lesions and is useful for differential diagnosis.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL

    NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-antennapedia induces cell death in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line

    Li-Ping SongYue-Ping LiNing WangWei-Wei Li...
    5813-5820页
    查看更多>>摘要：AIM: To construct the recombinant lentivirus expression plasmid, pLenti6/V5-NT4 p53(N15)-antennapedia (Ant), and study its effect on HepG2 cells.METHODS: Plasmid pLenti6/V5-NT4 p53(N15)-Ant was constructed incorporating the following functional regions, including signal peptide sequence and pro-region of neurotrophin 4, N-terminal residues 12-26 of p53 and 17 amino acid drosophila carrier protein, Ant. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were used for transfection. 3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and flow cytometric analysis (FCM) were employed to investigate the effects of LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant in vitro on HepG2 cells. In vivo experiment was also performed to investigate the inhibitory effect of LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant on tumor growth in nude mice.RESULTS: LV-NT4(Si)-p54(N15)-Ant significantly suppressed the growth of HepG2 cells. MTT assay showed that the growth of HepG2 cells was mucj more significantly inhibited by LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant than by LV-EGFP. The inhibition rate for HepG2 cell growth in the two groups was 46.9% and 94.5%, respectively, 48 h after infection with LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant, and was 33.9% and 95.8%, respectively, 72 h after infection with LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant (P < 0.01). Light microscopy and TEM showed morphological changes in HepG2 cells infected with LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant, but no significant changes in HepG2 cells infected with LV-EGFP. Changes were observed in ultra-structure of HepG2 cells infected with LV-IMT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant, with degraded membranes, resulting in necrosis. LDH release from HepG2 cells was analyzed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after infection with LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant and LV-EGFP, which showed that LDH release was significantly higher in LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant treatment group (682 IU/L) than in control group (45 IU/L, P < 0.01). The longer the time was after infection, the bigger the difference was in LDH release. FCM analysis showed that LV-NT4(Si)-p5J(N15)-Ant could induce two different kinds of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis, with apoptosis being the minor type and necrosis being the main type, suggesting that LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant exerts its anticancer effect on HepG2 cells by inducing necrosis. The in vivo study showed that LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant significantly inhibited tumor growth with an inhibition rate of 66.14% in terms of tumor size and weight.CONCLUSION: LV-NT4(Si)-p53(N15)-Ant is a novel recombinant lentivirus expression plasmid and can be used in gene therapy for cancer.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Baishideng Publishing Group Inc

    Separate basolateral and apical phosphatidylcholine secretion routes in intestinally differentiated tumor cells

    Daniel GotthardtAnnika BraunAnke TietjeKarl Heinz Weiss...
    5821-5826页
    查看更多>>摘要：AIM: To investigate whether the secretion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in intestinal mucus occurs by apical secretion or via basolateral excretion and to determine its subsequent passage across the tight junctions to the apical mucus.METHODS: We addressed this question using the polarized intestinally differentiated tumor cell line CaCo-2 grown on filters to confluence in Transwell culture chambers. The released PC and sphingomyelin (Sph) from apical and basolateral media were analyzed by mass spectrometry.RESULTS: The secreted PC species were identical in both compartments indicating the same intracellular origin of PC. However, PC secretion into the basolateral compartment was more effective, and the PCSph ratio in the basolateral compartment was significantly higher than that in the apical compartment (8.18 ± 1.84 vs 4.31 ± 1.22, P = 0.01). Both pathways were temperature sensitive and were unaltered in the presence of cyclosporine.CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate the PC secretion capacity of CaCo-2 cells and indicate two separated apical and basolateral release mechanisms.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Baishideng Publishing Group Inc

    Value of three-dimensional reconstructions in pancreatic carcinoma using multidetector CT: Initial results

    Miriam KlaussMax SchoebingerIvo WolfJens Werner...
    5827-5832页
    查看更多>>摘要：AIM: To evaluate the use of three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic carcinoma using multidetector computed tomography (CT) in a prospective study.METHODS: Ten patients with suspected pancreatic tumors were examined prospectively using multidetector CT (Somatom Sensation 16, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). The images were evaluated for the presence of a pancreatic carcinoma and invasion of the peripancreatic vessels and surrounding organs. Using the isotropic CT data sets, a three-dimensional image was created with automatic vascular analysis and semiautomatic segmentation of the organs and pancreatic tumor by a radiologist. The CT examinations and the three-dimensional images were presented to the surgeon directly before and during the patient's operation using the Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit-based software "ReLiver". Immediately after surgery, the value of the two images was judged by the surgeon. The operation and the histological results served as the gold standard.RESULTS: Nine patients had a pancreatic carcinoma(all pT3), and one patient had a serous cystadenoma. One tumor infiltrated the superior mesenteric vein. The infiltration was correctly evaluated. All carcinomas were resectable. In comparison to the CT image with axial and coronal reconstructions, the three-dimensional image was judged by the surgeons as better for operation planning and consistently described as useful.CONCLUSION: A 3D-image of the pancreas represents an invaluable aid to the surgeon. However, the 3D-software must be further developed in order to be integrated into daily clinical routine.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Baishideng Publishing Group Inc