查看更多>>摘要：The nectar spur is an important feature of pollination and ecological adaptation in flowering plants,and it is a key innovation to promote species diversity in certain plant lineages.The development mechanism of spurs varies among different plant taxa.As one of the largest angiosperm genera,we have little understanding of the mechanism of spur development in Impatiens.Here,we investigated the initiation and growth process of spurs of Impatiens uliginosa based on histology and hormone levels,and the roles of AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN(ABP)and extensin(EXT)in spur development were explored.Our results indicate that the spur development of I.uliginosa is composed of cell division and anisotropic cell elongation.Imbalances in spur proximal-distal cell division lead to the formation of curved structures.Endogenous hormones,such as auxin and cytokinins,were enriched at different developmental stages of spurs.IuABP knockdown led to an increase in spur curves and distortion of morphology.IuEXT knockdown resulted in reduced spur length and loss of curve and inner epidermal papillae structures.This study provides new insights into the mechanism of spur development in core eudicots.
查看更多>>摘要：Artificially enhancing photosynthesis is critical for improving crop yields and fruit qualities.Nanomaterials have demonstrated great potential to enhance photosynthetic efficiency;however,the mechanisms underlying their effects are poorly understood.This study revealed that the electron transfer pathway participated in nitrogen-doped carbon dots(N-CDs)-induced photosynthetic efficiency enhancement(24.29％),resulting in the improvements of apple fruit qualities(soluble sugar content:11.43％)in the orchard.We also found that N-CDs alleviated mterf5 mutant-modulated photosystem Ⅱ(PSⅡ)defects,but not psa3 mutant-modulated photosystem Ⅰ(PSI)defects,suggesting that the N-CDs-targeting sites were located between PSⅡ and PSI.Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters suggested that plastoquinone(PQ),the mobile electron carrier in the photosynthesis electron transfer chain(PETC),was the photosynthesis component that N-CDs targeted.In vitro experiments demonstrated that plastoquinone-9(PQ-9)could accept electrons from light-excited N-CDs to produce the reduced plastoquinone 9(PQH2-9).These findings suggested that N-CDs,as electron donors,offer a PQ-9-involved complement of PETC to improve photosynthesis and thereby fruit quality.Our study uncovered a mechanism by which nanomaterials enhanced plant photosynthesis and provided some insights that will be useful in the design of efficient nanomaterials for agricultural/horticultural applications.
查看更多>>摘要：High-throughput Chromatin Conformation Capture(Hi-C)technologies can be used to investigate the three-dimensional genomic structure of plants.However,the practical utility of these technologies is impeded by significant background noise,hindering their capability in detecting fine 3D genomic structures.In this study,we optimized the Bridge Linker Hi-C technology(BL-Hi-C)to comprehensively investigate the 3D chromatin landscape of Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea.The Bouquet configuration of both B.rapa and B.oleracea was elucidated through the construction of a 3D genome simulation.The optimized BL-Hi-C exhibited lower background noise compared to conventional Hi-C methods.Taking this advantage,we used BL-Hi-C to identify FLC gene loops in Arabidopsis,B.rapa,and B.oleracea.We observed that gene loops of FLC2 exhibited conservation across Arabidopsis,B.rapa,and B.oleracea.While gene loops of syntenic FLCs exhibited conservation across B.rapa and B.oleracea,variations in gene loops were evident among multiple paralogs FLCs within the same species.Collectively,our findings highlight the high sensitivity of optimized BL-Hi-C as a powerful tool for investigating the fine 3D genomic organization.
查看更多>>摘要：Intercropping,a green and sustainable planting pattern,has demonstrated positive effects on plant growth and the soil environment.However,there is currently little research on the influence of intercropping leguminous plants and using them as green manure on the soil environment and tea quality.During the profuse flowering period of Chinese milkvetch,the contents of tea amino acids and soluble sugar in intercropping tea plants with soybean increased by 6.89 and 54.58％.Moreover,there was 27.42％increase in soil ammonium nitrogen and 21.63％increase in available nitrogen.When Chinese milkvetch was returned to soil for 1 month during its profuse flowering period,the soybean and Chinese milkvetch as green manure enhanced tea amino acids and soluble sugar by 9.11 and 33.96％,and soil ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen and available nitrogen increased by 25.04,77.84,and 48.90％.Intercropping systems also have positive effects on tea quality components,soil fertility,and soil microbial communities during the profuse flowering period of soybeans and when soybeans with this period were returned to the field for 1 month.Furthermore,the soil fertility index was significantly increased,especially in the intercropping system of tea-soybean-Chinese milkvetch.The soil bacterial community complexity and fungal community interactions were significantly increased.Soil pH,nitrate nitrogen,and available phosphorus were found to be crucial influencing factors on soil microbial communities,specifically bacterial communities.These results highlight the significance of optimizing intercropping systems to improve the soil environment and tea quality components.They also provide a theoretical foundation for promoting the sustainable development of tea plantations.
查看更多>>摘要：Flower development is a crucial step towards the completion of the plant life cycle.Physiological processes and gene regulatory mechanisms underlying flower formation have been extensively characterized,and the implication of MADS-box transcription factors as primary regulators of flower morphology has been widely described,mainly due to the analysis of loss-of-function mutants in model species.Nevertheless,detailed characterization of allele variation in several MADS-box homologous genes from crop species remains undescribed.Here,we have characterized a tomato mutant with aberrant flower development.Mutant plants exhibit changes in petal cell identity,as well as homeotic transformations of stamens into carpelloid structures,which in most cases result in succulent organs.Molecular analysis proved that a loss-of-function mutation in the TOMATO MADS-BOX 6(TM6)gene is responsible for this mutant phenotype.Furthermore,as a result of the loss of function of TM6,misregulation of the transcription and mRNA processing of other MADS-box genes involved in reproductive development has been detected.Our findings demonstrate that TM6 is a key player in the complex regulatory network of MADS-box genes controlling flower development and also provide a novel mutant that may be useful for generating male sterile lines in tomatoes.
Carlos MayobreMiguel Santo DomingoElif Nur ?zkanAndrés Fernández-Borbolla...
207-219页
查看更多>>摘要：The importance of melon aroma in determining fruit quality has been highlighted in recent years.The fruit volatile profile is influenced by the type of fruit ripening.Non-climacteric fruits contain predominantly aldehydes,while climacteric fruits mainly produce esters.Several genes have been described to participate in volatile organic compounds(VOCs)biosynthesis pathways,but knowledge in this area is still incomplete.In this work we analysed the volatile profile of two reciprocal Introgression Line(IL)collections generated from a cross between'Piel de Sapo'(PS)and'Védrantais'(VED)melons,differing in their aroma profile and ripening behaviour.SPME GC-MS was performed to identify genes responsible for VOCs formation.More than 1000 QTLs for many volatiles were detected taken together both populations.Introgressions on chromosomes 3,5,6,7 and 8 modified ester-aldehyde balance and were correlated to ripening changes in both genetic backgrounds.Some previously identified QTLs for fruit ripening might be involved in these phenotypes,such as ETHQV8.1 on chromosome 8 and ETHQV6.3 on chromosome 6.PS alleles on chromosomes 2,6,10 and 11 were found to increase ester content when introgressed in VED melons.Terpenes showed to be affected by several genomic regions not related to ripening.In addition,several candidate genes have been hypothesized to be responsible for some of the QTLs detected.The analysis of volatile compounds in two reciprocal IL collections has increased our understanding of the relationship between ripening and aroma and offers valuable plant material to improve food quality in melon breeding programs.
查看更多>>摘要：Mentha is a commonly used spice worldwide,which possesses medicinal properties and fragrance.These characteristics are conferred,at least partially,by essential oils such as menthol.In this study,a gap-free assembly with a genome size of 414.3 Mb and 31,251 coding genes was obtained for Mentha suaveolens'Variegata'.Based on its high heterozygosity(1.5％),two complete haplotypic assemblies were resolved,with genome sizes of 401.9 and 405.7 Mb,respectively.The telomeres and centromeres of each haplotype were almost fully annotated.In addition,we detected a total of 41,135 structural variations.Enrichment analysis demonstrated that genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis were affected by these structural variations.Analysis of volatile metabolites showed that M.suaveolens mainly produces piperitenone oxide rather than menthol.We identified three genes in the M.suaveolens genome which encode isopiperitenone reductase(ISPR),a key rate-limiting enzyme in menthol biosynthesis.However,the transcription levels of ISPR were low.Given that other terpenoid biosynthesis genes were expressed,M.suaveolens ISPRs may account for the accumulation of piperitenone oxide in this species.The findings of this study may provide a valuable resource for improving the detection rate and accuracy of genetic variants,thereby enhancing our understanding of their impact on gene function and expression.Moreover,our haplotype-resolved gap-free genome assembly offers novel insights into molecular marker-assisted breeding of Mentha.
查看更多>>摘要：Complete mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes)of plants are valuable resources for nucleocytoplasmic interactions,plant evolution,and plant cytoplasmic male sterile line breeding.However,the complete assembly of plant mitogenomes is challenging due to frequent recombination events and horizontal gene transfers.Previous studies have adopted Illumina,PacBio,and Nanopore sequencing data to assemble plant mitogenomes,but the poor assembly completeness,low sequencing accuracy,and high cost limit the sampling capacity.Here,we present an efficient assembly toolkit(PMAT)for de novo assembly of plant mitogenomes using low-coverage HiFi sequencing data.PMAT has been applied to the de novo assembly of 13 broadly representative plant mitogenomes,outperforming existing organelle genome assemblers in terms of assembly accuracy and completeness.By evaluating the assembly of plant mitogenomes from different sequencing data,it was confirmed that PMAT only requires 1× HiFi sequencing data to obtain a complete plant mitogenome.The source code for PMAT is available at https://github.com/bichangwei/PMAT.The developed PMAT toolkit will indeed accelerate the understanding of evolutionary variation and breeding application of plant mitogenomes.
查看更多>>摘要：Cold stress severely affects the growth and quality of tomato.5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA)can effectively improve tomato's cold stress tolerance.In this study,a tomato glutathione S-transferase gene,SlGSTU43,was identified.Results showed that ALA strongly induced the expression of SlGSTU43 under cold stress.SlGSTU43-overexpressing lines showed increased resistance to cold stress through an enhanced ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species.On the contrary,slgstu43 mutant lines were sensitive to cold stress,and ALA did not improve their cold stress tolerance.Thus,SlGSTU43 is a key gene in the process of ALA improving tomato cold tolerance.Through yeast library screening,SlMYB4 and SlMYB88 were preliminarily identified as transcription factors that bind to the SlGSTU43 promoter.Electrophoretic mobility shift,yeast one-hybrid,dual luciferase,and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays experiments verified that SlMYB4 and SlMYB88 can bind to the SlGSTU43 promoter.Further experiments showed that SlMYB4 and SlMYB88 are involved in the process of ALA-improving tomato's cold stress tolerance and they positively regulate the expression of SlGSTU43.The findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which ALA improves cold stress tolerance.SlGSTU43,as a valuable gene,could be added to the cold-responsive gene repository.Subsequently,it could be used in genetic engineering to enhance the cold tolerance of tomato.
查看更多>>摘要：Plant tissue regeneration is critical for genetic transformation and genome editing techniques.During the regeneration process,changes in epigenetic modifications accompany the cell fate transition.However,how allele-specific DNA methylation in two haplotypes contributes to the transcriptional dynamics during regeneration remains elusive.Here we applied an inter-species hybrid poplar(Populus alba x P.glandulosa cv.84 K)as a system to characterize the DNA methylation landscape during de novo shoot organogenesis at allele level.Both direct and indirect shoot organogenesis showed a reduction in genome-wide DNA methylation.At gene level,non-expressed genes were hypermethylated in comparison with expressed genes.Among the genes exhibiting significant correlations between levels of DNA methylation and gene expression,the expression patterns of 75％of genes were negatively correlated with DNA methylation in the CG context,whereas the correlation patterns in the CHH context were the reverse.The allele-biased DNA methylation was consistent during shoot organogenesis,with fewer than one-thousandth of allele-specific methylation regions shifted.Analysis of allele-specific expression revealed that there were only 1909 genes showing phase-dependent allele-biased expression in the regeneration process,among which the allele pairs with greater differences in transcription factor binding sites at promoter regions exhibited greater differences in allele expression.Our results indicated a relatively independent transcriptional regulation in two subgenomes during shoot organogenesis,which was contributed by cis-acting genomic and epigenomic variations.
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