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作物学报（英文版）
作物学报（英文版）

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作物学报（英文版）/Journal The Crop Journal Calls for PapersCSCDCSTPCDSCI
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    Characterization of a 4.1 Mb inversion harboring the stripe rust resistance gene YR86 on wheat chromosome 2AL

    Qiang CaoZhanwang ZhuDengan XuJianhui Wu...
    1168-1175页
    查看更多>>摘要：Wheat cultivar Zhongmai 895 was earlier found to carry YR86 in an 11.6 Mb recombination-suppressed region on chromosome 2AL when crossed with Yangmai 16.To fine-map the YR86 locus,we developed two large F2 populations from crosses Emai 580/Zhongmai 895 and Avocet S/Zhongmai 895.Remarkably,both populations exhibited suppressed recombination in the same 2AL region.Collinearity analysis across Chinese Spring,Aikang 58,and 10+wheat genomes revealed a 4.1 Mb chro-mosomal inversion spanning 708.5-712.6 Mb in the Chinese Spring reference genome.Molecular mark-ers were developed in the breakpoint and were used to assess a wheat cultivar panel,revealing that Chinese Spring,Zhongmai 895,and Jimai 22 shared a common sequence named Invcs,whereas Aikang 58,Yangmai 16,Emai 580,and Avocet S shared the sequence named InvAK58.The inverted configuration explained the suppressed recombination observed in all three bi-parental populations.Normal recombi-nation was observed in a Jimai 22/Zhongmai 895 F2 population,facilitating mapping of YR86 to a genetic interval of 0.15 cM corresponding to 710.27-712.56 Mb falling within the inverted region.Thirty-three high-confidence genes were annotated in the interval using the Chinese Spring reference genome,with six identified as potential candidates for YR86 based on genome and transcriptome analyses.These results will accelerate map-based cloning of YR86 and its deployment in wheat breeding.
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    Fine mapping of the powdery mildew resistance gene PmXQ-0508 in bread wheat

    Zejun QianGuohao HanNingning YuCheng Liu...
    1176-1184页
    查看更多>>摘要：In a wheat breeding line XQ-0508 showing consistent resistance to powdery mildew disease,a recessive gene,designated PmXQ-0508,was identified and mapped to a distal region on chromosome arm 2BS.Of three resistance-associated genes in this region,one encoding a protein kinase was selected as the primary candidate for PmXQ-0508.Ten closely linked DNA markers developed in the study could be used for marker-assisted selection for powdery-mildew resistance in breeding programs.
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    Arginine promotes seed energy metabolism,increasing wheat seed germination at low temperature

    Jiayu LiZhiyuan LiYangyang TangJianke Xiao...
    1185-1195页
    查看更多>>摘要：Low temperatures during germination inhibit seed growth,lead to small and weak seedlings,and signif-icantly reduce the wheat yield.Alleviating the adverse effects of low temperature on wheat seed germi-nation is highly important for achieving high and stable wheat yields.In this study,Tongmai 6(insensitive)and Zhengmai 113(sensitive),which have different low-temperature sensitivities during germination were treated with low temperature during germination.The transcriptome,metabolome and physiological data revealed that low temperature decreased the germination rate,downregulated the expression of a large number of genes involved in regulating glycometabolism,and inhibited carbon,nitrogen(especially amino acids)and energy metabolism in the seeds.Arginine content increased at low temperature,and its increase in the low-temperature-tolerant variety was significantly greater than that in the sensitive variety.Arginine priming experiment showed that treatment with an appropriate concen-tration of arginine improved the seed germination rate.The conversion of starch to soluble sugar signif-icantly increased under exogenous arginine conditions,the content of key metabolites in energy metabolism increased,and the utilization of ATP in the seeds increased.Taken together,arginine priming increased seed germination at low temperature by relieving inhibition of seed carbon and nitrogen meta-bolism and improving seed energy metabolism.
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    Differences between two wheat genotypes in the development of floret primordia and contents of pigments and hormones

    Liangyun WenYaqun LiuBingjin ZhouWan Sun...
    1196-1207页
    查看更多>>摘要：Promoting more floret primordia within a spike to acquire fertile potential during the differentiation and pre-dimorphism phases is critical for increasing the number of fertile florets per spike(NFFs).However,it is yet unknown the physiological mechanism regulating the complex and dynamic process.This study aimed to clarify how intra-spike hormones,pigments,and assimilates coordinate with each other to reg-ulate spike morphology and then floret primordia development.A two-year field experiment was con-ducted with two winter wheat genotypes:N50(big-spike with greater NFFs)and SM22(medium-spike with fewer NFFs).We monitored high temporal and spatial-resolution changes in the number and morphology of floret primordia within a spike,as well as in intra-spike hormones,pigments,and assimilates.Our results revealed that the big-spike genotype had more NFFs than the medium-spike genotype,not only because they had more spikelets,but also because they had greater NFFs mainly at central spikelets.More floret primordia at central spikelets had sufficient time to develop and acquire fer-tile potential during the differentiation phase(167-176 d after sowing,DAS)and the pre-dimorphism phase(179 DAS)for the big-spike genotype than the medium-spike genotype.Floret primordia with fer-tile morphology during the pre-dimorphism phase always developed into fertile florets during the dimor-phism phase.Those early-developed floret primordia most proximal and intermediate to the rachis in the big-spike genotype developed faster than the medium-spike genotype.Correspondingly,the spike dry matter and pigments(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotene,and carotenoids)content during 170-182 DAS,auxin(IAA)and cytokinin(CTK)content on 167 DAS were significantly higher in the big-spike geno-type than in the medium-spike genotype,while jasmonic acid(JA)content was significantly lower in the big-spike genotype compared to the medium-spike genotype during 167-182 DAS.Since the significant differences in intra-spike hormone content of the two genotypes appear earlier than those in dry matter and pigments,we propose a possible model that helped the N50 genotype(big-spike)to form more fertile florets,taking the intra-spike hormone content as a signaling molecule induced assimilates and pigments synthesis,which accelerated the development of more floret primordia during the differentiation phase and then acquired fertile potential during the pre-dimorphism phase,finally improved the NFFs.Our high temporal and spatial-resolution analysis provides an accurate time window for precision cultivation and effective physiological breeding to improve the number of fertile florets in wheat.
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    Utilizing auxin dwarf genes to optimize seed yield and lodging resistance in rapeseed

    Hongxiang LouYan PengChunyun WangZongkai Wang...
    1208-1221页
    查看更多>>摘要：Direct-seeding rapeseed production at high plant density raises the risk of lodging.We investigated the use of dwarf genes to improve rapeseed plant architecture to balance yield and lodging.Three genotypes with different plant architectures(dwarf scaHS5,semi-dwarf+/scaHS5,and tall HS5)were evaluated under varying nitrogen rates(N1,N2,and N3:120,240,and 360 kg N ha-1)and plant densities(D1,D2,and D3:15,45,and 75 plants m-2)from 2019 to 2022.The results showed that increasing N rate positively influ-enced yield while decreasing lodging resistance in all genotypes.Increasing plant density(D2-D3)enhanced lodging resistance and yield in scaHS5 and+/scaHS5,but reduced yield in HS5.Compared to the two parents,+/scaHS5 exhibited moderate expressions of IAA3,GH3.15,and SAUR30 in stems under N2D3,resulting in reduced plant height and increased compactness.Additionally,+/scaHS5 had a thicker silique layer than HS5 by 14.7％,and it had a significant correlation between branch height/angle and yield.Increasing N rate led to increased lignin and pectin contents,while cellulose content decreased.Increasing plant density resulted in greater stem cellulose content and CSLA3/7 expression in scaHS5 and+/scaHS5,but decreased in HS5.Compared to HS5,+/scaHS5 exhibited higher expressions of ARAD1 and GAUT4,along with a 51.1％increase in pectin content,leading to improved lodging resistance under N2D3.Consequently,+/scaHS5 showed a 46.4％higher yield and 38.9％lodging resistance than HS5 under N2D3,while scaHS5 demonstrated strong lodging resistance but lower yield potential.Overall,this study underscores the potential of utilizing auxin dwarf genes to optimize the trade-off between yield and lodging resistance in rapeseed and the possibility of maximizing yield potential by optimizing the plant architecture of+/scaHS5 through nitrogen reduction and dense planting.
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    Legume green manure can intensify the function of chemical nitrogen fertilizer substitution via increasing nitrogen supply and uptake of wheat

    Jingui WeiZhilong FanFalong HuShoufa Mao...
    1222-1232页
    查看更多>>摘要：Achieving the green development of agriculture requires the reduction of chemical nitrogen(N)fertilizer input.Previous studies have confirmed that returning green manure to the field is an effective measure to improve crop yields while substituting partial chemical N fertilizer.However,it remains unclear how to further intensify the substituting function of green manure and elucidate its underlying agronomic mech-anism.In a split-plot field experiment in spring wheat,different green manures returned to the field under reduced chemical N supply was established in an oasis area since 2018,in order to investigate the effect of green manure and reduced N on grain yield,N uptake,N use efficiency(NUE),N nutrition index,soil organic matter,and soil N of wheat in 2020-2022.Our results showed that mixed sown com-mon vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40％of chemical N fertilizer without reducing grain yield or N accumulation.Noteworthily,mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20％showed the highest N agronomy efficiency and recovery efficiency,which were 92.0％and 46.0％higher than fallow after wheat harvest and conventional N application rate,respectively.The increase in NUE of wheat was mainly attributed to mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch,which increased N trans-portation quantity and transportation rate at pre-anthesis,enhanced N harvest index,optimized N nutri-tion index,and increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leaf,respectively.Meanwhile,mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20％improved soil organic matter and N contents.Therefore,mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40％of chemical N fertilizer while maintaining grain yield and N accumulation,and it combined with reduced chemical N by 20％or 40％improved NUE of wheat via enhancing N supply and uptake.
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    Co-incorporating green manure and crop straw increases crop productivity and improves soil quality with low greenhouse-gas emissions in a crop rotation

    Na ZhaoXiquan WangJun MaXiaohong Li...
    1233-1241页
    查看更多>>摘要：In a nine-year field experiment in a wheat-maize-sunflower cropping system in Hetao Irrigation Area,Inner Mongolia,China,organic amendments applied as straw,manure,green manure,and the combina-tion of green manure and straw increased wheat and maize yield,soil aggregate stability,and soil micro-bial activity in comparison with chemical fertilizer,without changing greenhouse gas emission intensity.
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    Development of a novel critical nitrogen concentration-cumulative transpiration curve for optimizing nitrogen management under varying irrigation conditions in winter wheat

    Tianyang YeYu ZhangJingyan XuanXintian Wang...
    1242-1251页
    查看更多>>摘要：Accurate nitrogen(N)nutrition diagnosis is essential for improving N use efficiency in crop production.The widely used critical N(Nc)dilution curve traditionally depends solely on agronomic variables,neglecting crop water status.With three-year field experiments with winter wheat,encompassing two irrigation levels(rainfed and irrigation at jointing and anthesis)and three N levels(0,180,and 270 kg ha-1),this study aims to establish a novel approach for determining the Nc dilution curve based on crop cumulative transpiration(T),providing a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between N and water availability.The Nc curves derived from both crop dry matter(DM)and T demonstrated N con-centration dilution under different conditions with different parameters.The equation Nc=6.43T-0.24 established a consistent relationship across varying irrigation regimes.Independent test results indicated that the nitrogen nutrition index(NNI),calculated from this curve,effectively identifies and quantifies the two sources of N deficiency:insufficient N supply in the soil and insufficient soil water concentration leading to decreased N availability for root absorption.Additionally,the NNI calculated from the Nc-DM and Nc-T curves exhibited a strong negative correlation with accumulated N deficit(Nand)and a positive correlation with relative grain yield(RGY).The NNI derived from the Nc-T curve outperformed the NNI derived from the Nc-DM curve concerning its relationship with Nand and RGY,as indicated by larger R2 values and smaller AIC.The novel Nc curve based on T serves as an effective diagnostic tool for assess-ing winter wheat N status,predicting grain yield,and optimizing N fertilizer management across varying irrigation conditions.These findings would provide new insights and methods to improve the simulations of water-N interaction relationship in crop growth models.
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    Engineering high amylose and resistant starch in maize by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of starch branching enzymes

    Mingzheng MaShanqiu SunJinjie ZhuXiantao Qi...
    1252-1258页
    查看更多>>摘要：To improve the amylose content(AC)and resistant starch content(RSC)of maize kernel starch,we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to create mutants of starch branching enzyme Ⅰ(SBEⅠ)and starch branching enzyme Ⅱb(SBEⅡb).A frameshift mutation in SBEI(E1,a nucleotide insertion in exon 6)led to plants with higher RSC(1.07％),lower hundred-kernel weight(HKW,24.71±0.14 g),and lower plant height(PH,218.50±9.42 cm)compared to the wild type(WT).Like the WT,E1 kernel starch had irreg-ular,polygonal shapes with sharp edges.A frameshift mutation in SBEⅡb(E2,a four-nucleotide deletion in exon 8)led to higher AC(53.48％)and higher RSC(26.93％)than that for the WT.E2 kernel starch was significantly different from the WT regarding granule morphology,chain length distribution pattern,X-ray diffraction pattern,and thermal characteristics;the starch granules were more irregular in shape and comprised typical B-type crystals.Mutating SBEI and SBEⅡb(E12)had a synergistic effect on RSC,HKW,PH,starch properties,and starch biosynthesis-associated gene expression.SBEⅡa,SS1,SSⅡa,SSⅢa,and SSⅢb were upregulated in E12 endosperm compared to WT endosperm.This study lays the foundation for rapidly improving the starch properties of elite maize lines.
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    Introgression of lac6/tl1/du13 improves the palatability of japonica rice

    Yong YangTao ZhangYuliang ShiYan Lu...
    1259-1265页
    查看更多>>摘要：Amylose content(AC)is a crucial determinant of the eating and cooking quality(ECQ)of rice,with low AC varieties exhibiting a softer texture and greater stickiness-attributes that enhance palatability and are desirable in specific culinary contexts.To harness these traits,significant efforts have been made to manipulate AC to improve rice ECQ.Our research utilized the MutMap+approach to identify LAC6/TL1,a gene that is an allele of Du13,responsible for low AC.LAC6 encodes a C2H2 zinc finger protein,which specifically increases the splicing efficiency of the Wxb allele without affecting the Wxa allele.Functional studies of LAC6 revealed that its proper integration could rectify the undesirable AC phenotype,whereas mutations within this gene led to reduced AC and were associated with shorter grain length and decreased thousand-grain weight.Despite these drawbacks,such mutations positively impact rice palatability,presenting a trade-off between grain size and eating quality.To address the challenges posed by the reduced grain weight associated with LAC6 mutations,we developed a specific molecular marker for LAC6,which has been effectively used in breeding programs to select lac6/tl1/du13 homozygous indi-viduals with larger grain size.Our findings demonstrate that the"small grain"trait associated with lac6/tl1/du13 can be effectively mitigated through combined phenotype-based and marker-assisted selection.This study highlights the potential of lac6/tl1/du13 as a valuable gene for breeding novel,high-quality soft rice varieties through targeted breeding strategies.
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