Laura CombesXenia SawkulyczWen-Hui FangBaoqiang Guo...
81-90页
查看更多>>摘要：Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for neurogenerative disease as well as inflammatory and immune mediated diseases.Decades of preclinical research has demonstrated stem cell ability to differ-entiate into multiple cell lineages and be utilised in regeneration and repair with their immunomodu-latory and immunosuppressive properties.This work has provided the fundamental scientific know-ledge needed to launch various clinical trials studying stem cell therapy in autoimmune disorders,stroke,and other tissue injury.Despite the early success many of these promising therapies are yet to breakthrough into clinical use.In this review,we highlight the recent developments in the use of stem cells as therapeutic agents for neurological conditions as well as their failures and how the clinical translation can be improved.
Laura CombesXenia SawkulyczWen-Hui FangBaoqiang Guo...
81-90页
查看更多>>摘要：Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for neurogenerative disease as well as inflammatory and immune mediated diseases.Decades of preclinical research has demonstrated stem cell ability to differ-entiate into multiple cell lineages and be utilised in regeneration and repair with their immunomodu-latory and immunosuppressive properties.This work has provided the fundamental scientific know-ledge needed to launch various clinical trials studying stem cell therapy in autoimmune disorders,stroke,and other tissue injury.Despite the early success many of these promising therapies are yet to breakthrough into clinical use.In this review,we highlight the recent developments in the use of stem cells as therapeutic agents for neurological conditions as well as their failures and how the clinical translation can be improved.
查看更多>>摘要：The transport of cargo proteins to specific subcellular destinations is crucial for the different secretory and endocytic traffic pathways.One of the most important steps in maintaining the accuracy of this process is the recruitment of adaptor protein (AP) complexes to the membrane for recognizing and packaging cargo proteins into nascent vesicles.Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) is a heterotetramet-ric complex implicated in the trafficking of cargo proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes to lysosomes or lysosome-related organelles (LROs).This complex is also involved in the biogenesis of synaptic vesicles (SVs) in neurons and of dense core vesicles (DCVs) in endocrine cells as well as in the recycling of receptors in immune cells and the regulation of planar cell polarity (PCP)proteins.Functional defects in AP-3 cause multiple abnormalities in cellular vesicle trafficking and re-lated organelle function,leading to various disorders,such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS).However,the molecular mechanism underlying AP-3 has not been fully elucidated,and further investi-gations are needed to understand AP-3-mediated trafficking,its associated molecules and its related roles in inherited diseases.Here,we review the current understanding of AP-3 in cellular vesicle traf-ficking,especially focusing on mammalian systems.
查看更多>>摘要：The transport of cargo proteins to specific subcellular destinations is crucial for the different secretory and endocytic traffic pathways.One of the most important steps in maintaining the accuracy of this process is the recruitment of adaptor protein (AP) complexes to the membrane for recognizing and packaging cargo proteins into nascent vesicles.Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) is a heterotetramet-ric complex implicated in the trafficking of cargo proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes to lysosomes or lysosome-related organelles (LROs).This complex is also involved in the biogenesis of synaptic vesicles (SVs) in neurons and of dense core vesicles (DCVs) in endocrine cells as well as in the recycling of receptors in immune cells and the regulation of planar cell polarity (PCP)proteins.Functional defects in AP-3 cause multiple abnormalities in cellular vesicle trafficking and re-lated organelle function,leading to various disorders,such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS).However,the molecular mechanism underlying AP-3 has not been fully elucidated,and further investi-gations are needed to understand AP-3-mediated trafficking,its associated molecules and its related roles in inherited diseases.Here,we review the current understanding of AP-3 in cellular vesicle traf-ficking,especially focusing on mammalian systems.
查看更多>>摘要：The cilium was one of the first organelles observed through a microscope.Motile cilia appear as oscil-lating cell appendages and have long been recognized to function in cell motility.In contrast,the far more widespread non-motile cilia,termed primary cilia,were thought to be vestigial and largely ig-nored following their initial description over a century ago.Only in the last two decades has the critical function of primary cilia been elucidated.Primary cilia play essential roles in signal transduction,chemical sensation,mechanosensation and light detection.Various microscopy approaches have been important for characterizing the structure,dynamics and function of the cilia.In this review,we dis-cuss the application of live-cell imaging technologies and their contribution to our current understand-ing of ciliary processes.
查看更多>>摘要：The cilium was one of the first organelles observed through a microscope.Motile cilia appear as oscil-lating cell appendages and have long been recognized to function in cell motility.In contrast,the far more widespread non-motile cilia,termed primary cilia,were thought to be vestigial and largely ig-nored following their initial description over a century ago.Only in the last two decades has the critical function of primary cilia been elucidated.Primary cilia play essential roles in signal transduction,chemical sensation,mechanosensation and light detection.Various microscopy approaches have been important for characterizing the structure,dynamics and function of the cilia.In this review,we dis-cuss the application of live-cell imaging technologies and their contribution to our current understand-ing of ciliary processes.
查看更多>>摘要：Innovations in sequencing technology have generated voluminous microbial and host genomic data,making it possible to detect these genetic variations and analyze the function influenced by them.Re-cently,many studies have linked such genetic variations to phenotypes through association or compar-ative analysis,which have further advanced our understanding of multiple microbial functions.In this review,we summarized the application of association analysis in microbes like Mycobacterium tubercu-losis,focusing on screening of microbial genetic variants potentially associated with phenotypes such as drug resistance,pathogenesis and novel drug targets etc.;reviewed the application of additional comparative genomic or transcriptomic methods to identify genetic factors associated with functions in microbes;expanded the scope of our study to focus on host genetic factors associated with certain mi-crobes or microbiome and summarized the recent host genetic variations associated with microbial phenotypes,including susceptibility and load after infection of HIV,presence/absence of different taxa,and quantitative traits of microbiome,and lastly,discussed the challenges that may be encountered and the apparent or potential viable solutions.Gene-function analysis of microbe and microbiome is still in its infancy,and in order to unleash its full potential,it is necessary to understand its history,current status,and the challenges hindering its development.
查看更多>>摘要：Innovations in sequencing technology have generated voluminous microbial and host genomic data,making it possible to detect these genetic variations and analyze the function influenced by them.Re-cently,many studies have linked such genetic variations to phenotypes through association or compar-ative analysis,which have further advanced our understanding of multiple microbial functions.In this review,we summarized the application of association analysis in microbes like Mycobacterium tubercu-losis,focusing on screening of microbial genetic variants potentially associated with phenotypes such as drug resistance,pathogenesis and novel drug targets etc.;reviewed the application of additional comparative genomic or transcriptomic methods to identify genetic factors associated with functions in microbes;expanded the scope of our study to focus on host genetic factors associated with certain mi-crobes or microbiome and summarized the recent host genetic variations associated with microbial phenotypes,including susceptibility and load after infection of HIV,presence/absence of different taxa,and quantitative traits of microbiome,and lastly,discussed the challenges that may be encountered and the apparent or potential viable solutions.Gene-function analysis of microbe and microbiome is still in its infancy,and in order to unleash its full potential,it is necessary to understand its history,current status,and the challenges hindering its development.
查看更多>>摘要：As a cofactor,iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster binds to proteins or enzymes that play important roles in vari-ous important biological processes,including DNA synthesis and repair,mitochondrial function,gene transcription and translation.In mammals,the core components involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis are considered to include the scaffold protein ISCU,cysteine desulfurase NFS1 and its accessory pro-teins ISD11 and ACP,and frataxin (FXN).Proteins involved in Fe-S cluster transfer have been found to include HSC20/HSPA9,as chaperone system,and Fe-S cluster carriers.The biosynthesis and transfer of Fe-S clusters to Fe-S recipients require fine-tune regulation.Recently,significant progress has been made in the structure and mechanism of mitochondrial Fe-S biosynthesis and transfer.Based on,espe-cially,the development of DNA sequencing technology,bioinformatics,and gene editing technology,diseases caused by mutations of Fe-S cluster-related genes have been revealed in recent years,promot-ing the rapid development in the field of Fe-S and human health.This review focuses on the function of genes involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis and transfer and on the diseases caused by the mutations of the related genes.Finally,some questions we are facing are raised,new hypotheses presented,and the perspectives discussed.
查看更多>>摘要：As a cofactor,iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster binds to proteins or enzymes that play important roles in vari-ous important biological processes,including DNA synthesis and repair,mitochondrial function,gene transcription and translation.In mammals,the core components involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis are considered to include the scaffold protein ISCU,cysteine desulfurase NFS1 and its accessory pro-teins ISD11 and ACP,and frataxin (FXN).Proteins involved in Fe-S cluster transfer have been found to include HSC20/HSPA9,as chaperone system,and Fe-S cluster carriers.The biosynthesis and transfer of Fe-S clusters to Fe-S recipients require fine-tune regulation.Recently,significant progress has been made in the structure and mechanism of mitochondrial Fe-S biosynthesis and transfer.Based on,espe-cially,the development of DNA sequencing technology,bioinformatics,and gene editing technology,diseases caused by mutations of Fe-S cluster-related genes have been revealed in recent years,promot-ing the rapid development in the field of Fe-S and human health.This review focuses on the function of genes involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis and transfer and on the diseases caused by the mutations of the related genes.Finally,some questions we are facing are raised,new hypotheses presented,and the perspectives discussed.
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