查看更多>>摘要：As prominent immune cells in the central nerv-ous system,microglia constantly monitor the environment and provide neuronal protection,which are important func-tions for maintaining brain homeostasis.In the diseased brain,microglia are crucial mediators of neuroinflamma-tion that regulates a broad spectrum of cellular responses.In this review,we summarize current knowledge on the multifunctional contributions of microglia to homeostasis and their involvement in neurodegeneration.We further pro-vide a comprehensive overview of therapeutic interventions targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.Notably,we propose microglial depletion and subsequent repopula-tion as promising replacement therapy.Although microglial replacement therapy is still in its infancy,it will likely be a trend in the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases due to its versatility and selectivity.
查看更多>>摘要：The concept of the glial-vascular unit(GVU)was raised recently to emphasize the close associations between brain cells and cerebral vessels,and their coordi-nated reactions to diverse neurological insults from a"glio-centric"view.GVU is a multicellular structure composed of glial cells,perivascular cells,and perivascular space.Each component is closely linked,collectively forming the GVU.The central roles of glial and perivascular cells and their multi-level interconnections in the GVU under normal conditions and in central nervous system(CNS)disorders have not been elucidated in detail.Here,we comprehen-sively review the intensive interactions between glial cells and perivascular cells in the niche of perivascular space,which take part in the modulation of cerebral blood flow and angiogenesis,formation of the blood-brain barrier,and clearance of neurotoxic wastes.Next,we discuss dysfunc-tions of the GVU in various neurological diseases,including ischemic stroke,spinal cord injury,Alzheimer's disease,and major depression disorder.In addition,we highlight the pos-sible therapies targeting the GVU,which may have potential clinical applications.
查看更多>>摘要：Cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD)is one of the most prevalent pathologic processes affecting 5％ of peo-ple over 50 years of age and contributing to 45％ of dementia cases.Increasing evidence has demonstrated the pathologi-cal roles of chronic hypoperfusion,impaired cerebral vas-cular reactivity,and leakage of the blood-brain barrier in CSVD.However,the pathogenesis of CSVD remains elusive thus far,and no radical treatment has been developed.NG2 glia,also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells,are the fourth type of glial cell in addition to astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the mammalian central nervous system.Many novel functions for NG2 glia in physiological and pathological states have recently been revealed.In this review,we discuss the role of NG2 glia in CSVD and the underlying mechanisms.
查看更多>>摘要：Glial cells,consisting of astrocytes,oligoden-drocyte lineage cells,and microglia,account for＞50％of the total number of cells in the mammalian brain.They play key roles in the modulation of various brain activities under physiological and pathological conditions.Although the typical morphological features and characteristic func-tions of these cells are well described,the organization of interconnections of the different glial cell populations and their impact on the healthy and diseased brain is not com-pletely understood.Understanding these processes remains a profound challenge.Accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells can form highly complex interconnections with each other.The astroglial network has been well described.Oligodendrocytes and microglia may also contribute to the formation of glial networks under various circumstances.In this review,we discuss the structure and function of glial networks and their pathological relevance to central nervous system diseases.We also highlight opportunities for future research on the glial connectome.
查看更多>>摘要：Astrocytes(ASTs)and oligodendroglial lin-eage cells(OLGs)are major macroglial cells in the cen-tral nervous system.ASTs communicate with each other through connexin(Cx)and Cx-based network structures,both of which allow for quick transport of nutrients and signals.Moreover,ASTs interact with OLGs through con-nexin(Cx)-mediated networks to modulate various physi-ological processes in the brain.In this article,following a brief description of the infrastructural basis of the glial net-works and exocrine factors by which ASTs and OLGs may crosstalk,we focus on recapitulating how the interactions between these two types of glial cells modulate myelina-tion,and how the AST-OLG interactions are involved in protecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier(BBB)and regulating synaptogenesis and neural activity.Recent studies further suggest that AST-OLG interactions are associated with myelin-related diseases,such as multiple sclerosis.A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underly-ing AST-OLG interactions may inspire the development of novel therapeutic strategies for related brain diseases.
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