Anna K.KulessaParide BalzaniIsmael SotoAntonín Kouba...
994-1000页
查看更多>>摘要：Despite the potential ecological and economic impacts of invasive species,there is a dearth of data on the presence,impacts,and management implications of poten-tially invasive Orthoptera species.This lack of research and inconsistent data,including risk screenings and impact assessments,is especially evident in Europe.Consequently,assessing the status,distribution,and potential threats of nonnative Orthoptera in Europe remains challenging,impeding the development of effective management strategies.To address this gap,we call for increased efforts to collect and curate data on non-native and possibly invasive Orthoptera in Europe.Such efforts will improve our understanding of this order's invasion dynamics,facilitate the identification of priority areas for con-servation,and support the development of effective management policies and preventive measures.
查看更多>>摘要：Insects are the most diverse group of organisms in the animal kingdom,and some species exhibit complex social behaviors.Although research on insect object use is still in its early stages,insects have already been shown to display rich object-use be-haviors.This review focuses on patterns and behavioral flexibility in insect object-use behavior,and the role of cultural evolution in the development of object-use behaviors.Object use in insects is not widespread but has been documented in a diverse set of taxa.Some insects can use objects flexibly and display various object-use patterns.Like mam-mals and birds,insects use objects in diverse activities,including foraging,predator de-fense,courtship,and play.Intelligence,pre-existing manipulative behaviors,and anatom-ical structure affect innovations in object use.In addition,learning and imitation are the main mechanisms underlying the spread of object-use behaviors within populations.Given that insects are one of the major animal groups engaging in object use,studies of insect object use could provide general insights into object use in the animal kingdom.
查看更多>>摘要：Although CRISPR/Cas9 has been widely used in insect gene editing,the need for the microinjection of preblastoderm embryos can preclude the technique being used in insect species with eggs that are small,have hard shells,and/or are difficult to collect and maintain outside of their normal environment.Such is the case with Sogatella fur-cifera,the white-backed planthopper(WBPH),a significant pest of Oryza sativa(rice)that oviposits inside rice stems.Egg extraction from the stem runs the risk of mechanical damage and hatching is heavily influenced by the micro-environment of the rice stem.To bypass these issues,we targeted embryos prior to oviposition via direct parental(DIPA)-CRISPR,in which Cas9 and single-guide RNAs(sgRNAs)for the WBPH eye pigment gene tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase were injected into the hemocoel of adult females.Fe-males at varying numbers of days posteclosion were evaluated to determine at what stage their oocyte might be most capable of taking up the gene-editing components.An evalua-tion of the offspring indicated that the highest G0 gene-edited efficacy(56.7％)occurred in females injected 2 d posteclosion,and that those mutations were heritably transmitted to the G1 generation.This study demonstrates the potential utility of DIPA-CRISPR for future gene-editing studies in non-model insect species and can facilitate the development of novel pest management applications.
查看更多>>摘要：MicroRNAs play critical roles in multiple developmental processes in insects.Our previous study showed that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock down of the microRNA let-7 in silkworms increased the size of larvae and silk glands,thereby improving the silk production capacity.In this study,we elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying of let-7 regulates growth.Identification of differentially expressed genes in response to let-7 knock down revealed enrichment of pathways associated with cell proliferation and DNA replication.let-7 dysregulation affected the cell cycle and proliferation of the Bombyx mori cell line BmN.Dual-luciferase and target site mutation assays showed that BmCDK1 is a direct target gene of let-7,with only 1 binding site on its 3'-untranslated region.RNA interference of BmCDK1 inhibited cell proliferation,but this effect was counteracted by co-transfection with let-7 antagomir.Moreover,let-7 knock down induced BmCDK1 ex-pression and promoted cell proliferation in multiple tissues,and further induced endomi-tosis in the silk gland in vivo.Knock down of BmCDK1 resulted in abnormal formation of a new epidermis,and larval development was arrested at the 2nd or 3rd molt stage.Taken together,our results demonstrated that BmCDK1 is a novel target of let-7 in cell fate determination,possessing potential for improving silk yield in silkworm.
查看更多>>摘要：The diversity of cell types in the brain and how these change during differ-ent developmental stages,remains largely unknown.The life cycle of insects is short and goes through 4 distinct stages including embryonic,larval,pupal,and adult stages.During postembryonic life,the larval brain transforms into a mature adult version after metamor-phosis.The silkworm,Bombyx mori,is a lepidopteran model insect.Here,we character-ized the brain cell repertoire of larval and adult B.mori by obtaining 50 708 single-cell transcriptomes.Seventeen and 12 cell clusters from larval and adult brains were assigned based on marker genes,respectively.Identified cell types include Kenyon cells,optic lobe cells,monoaminergic neurons,surface glia,and astrocyte glia.We further assessed the cell type compositions of larval and adult brains.We found that the transition from larva to adult resulted in great expansion of glial cells.The glial cell accounted for 49.8％of adult midbrain cells.Compared to flies and ants,the mushroom body kenyon cell is insuf-ficient in B.mori,which accounts for 5.4％and 3.6％in larval and adult brains,respec-tively.Analysis of neuropeptide expression showed that the abundance and specificity of expression varied among individual neuropeptides.Intriguingly,we found that ion trans-port peptide was specifically expressed in glial cells of larval and adult brains.The cell atlas dataset provides an important resource to explore cell diversity,neural circuits and genetic profiles.
查看更多>>摘要：Successful completion of spermatogenesis is crucial for the perpetuation of the species.In Drosophila,spermatid individualization,a process involving changes in mito-chondrial structure and function is critical to produce functional mature sperm.Ant2,en-coding a mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase,is highly expressed in male testes and plays a role in energy metabolism in the mitochondria.However,its molecular func-tion remains unclear.Here,we identified an important role of Ant2 in spermatid individu-alization.In Ant2 knockdown testes,spermatid individualization complexes composed of F-actin cones exhibited a diffuse distribution,and mature sperms were absent in the sem-inal vesicle,thus leading to male sterility.The most striking effects in Ant2-knockdown spermatids were decrease in tubulin polyglycylation and disruption of proper mitochon-dria derivatives function.Excessive apoptotic cells were also observed inAnt2-knockdown testes.To further investigate the phenotype of Ant2 knockdown in testes at the molec-ular level,complementary transcriptome and proteome analyses were performed.At the mRNA level,868 differentially expressed genes were identified,of which 229 genes were upregulated and 639 were downregulated induced via Ant2 knockdown.iTRAQ-labeling proteome analysis revealed 350 differentially expressed proteins,of which 117 proteins were upregulated and 233 were downregulated.The expression of glutathione transferase(GstD5,GstE5,GstE8,and GstD3),proteins involved in reproduction were significantly regulated at both the mRNA and protein levels.These results indicate that Ant2 is crucial for spermatid maturation by affecting mitochondrial morphogenesis.
查看更多>>摘要：Many aphid species exhibit both cyclical parthenogenesis(CP)and the obligate parthenogenesis(OP)life history,which are genetically determined.In CP aphid lineages,the parthenogenetic individuals can switch from asexual to sexual reproduction quickly in response to environmental factors such as changes in photoperiod and temperature.However,the OP aphid lineages do not undergo sexual reproduction under any condi-tions.So far,mechanisms underlying the reproduction switch in CP aphids have not been fully elucidated.Rhopalosiphum padi,a serious worldwide insect pest of wheat,has both CP and OP lineages.Uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferases(UGTs)are enzymes that participate in the metabolic detoxification of xenobiotics.Here,we identified 43 RpUGT genes from R.padi genome and transcriptome sequences,and found that:(1)the UGT content of the CP lineage was significantly higher than that in the OP lineage at the key time points when CP lineage mainly produce virginoparae,gynoparae,and males under inducing condition,while there were no significant difference under normal conditions;(2)RpUGT344J7 gene was highly expressed during the time points when CP lineages produce gynopara and males;(3)the critical time points for CP lineages to produce vir-ginoparaee,gynoparae,and males were affected when the CP lineages were injected with dsRpUGT344J7;(4)the knockdown of RpUGT344J7 caused a significant reduction in the total number of virginoparae,gynoparae,and males in the offspring under inducing condition.The findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms un-derlying the quick shift from asexual to sexual reproduction in aphid species.
查看更多>>摘要：The ovary generally undergoes tissue remodeling during larval to pupal tran-sition,which includes membrane degeneration and ovariole growth.At the same time,the hormones produced by insects significantly change during metamorphosis.However,the regulatory mechanism for ovarian development and hormones is not fully understood in insects.Herein,we found that matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP2)was highly expressed in the ovarian capsules and ovarioles,and the development was abnormal after knocking out MMP2 in Bombyx mori.The process of abnormal degradation of collagen I due to MMP2 deletion,which resulted in abnormal development of ovarioles and eggs,was analyzed in detail.The proteomics of ovaries in the MMP2-knock out and wild type strains showed a critically significant difference in the expression of a protein,insulin-like peptide(ILP).Additional analysis revealed significant alteration of ILP during ovarian development,and abnormal expression of ILP significantly affected ovarian development in vivo and MMP2 expression in vitro and in vivo.These results showed that MMP2 regulation of ovarian tis-sue remodeling is closely related to ILP expression.Our study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of MMP2 and ovarian development in B.mori.
查看更多>>摘要：In insects,the odorant receptor(OR)multigene family evolves by the birth-and-death evolutionary model,according to which the OR repertoire of each species has undergone specific gene gains and losses depending on their chemical environment,re-sulting in taxon-specific OR lineage radiations with different sizes in the phylogenetic trees.Despite the general divergence in the gene family across different insect orders,the ORs in moths seem to be genetically conserved across species,clustered into 23 major clades containing multiple orthologous groups with single-copy gene from each species.We hypothesized that ORs in these orthologous groups are tuned to ecologically important compounds and functionally conserved.cis-Jasmone is one of the compounds that not only primes the plant defense of neighboring receiver plants,but also functions as a behavior regulator to various insects.To test our hypothesis,using Xenopus oocyte recordings,we functionally assayed the orthologues of BmorOR56,which has been characterized as a spe-cific receptor for cis-jasmone.Our results showed highly conserved response specificity of the BmorOR56 orthologues,with all receptors within this group exclusively respond-ing to cis-jasmone.This is supported by the dN/dS analysis,showing that strong purifying selection is acting on this group.Moreover,molecular docking showed that the ligand binding pockets of BmorOR56 orthologues to cis-jasmone are similar.Taken together,our results suggest the high conservation of OR for ecologically important compounds across Heterocera.
查看更多>>摘要：Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)in insects are endogenous peptides that are effector components of the innate defense system of the insect.AMPs may serve as an-timicrobial agents because of their small molecular weight and broad-spectrum antimi-crobial activity.In this study,we performed transcriptome analysis of cigarette beetle(Lasioderma serricorne)larvae,parasitized by the ectoparasitic wasp,Anisopteromalus calandrae.Several AMP genes were significantly upregulated following A.calandrae par-asitism,postulating the hypothesis that the parasitization enhanced the host's resistance against pathogenic microorganisms through the regulation of host AMP genes.Specifi-cally,3 AMP genes(LsDef1,LsDef2,and LsCole)were significantly upregulated and we studied their immune function in L.serricorne.Immune challenge and functional analysis showed that LsCole was responsible for the immune response against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria,while LsDefl and LsDef2 were involved in insect defense against Gram-positive bacteria.Purified recombinant LsCole exhibited antimicrobial activities against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.LsDef2 showed an antibacterial effect against S.aureus.LsCole and LsDef2 exhibited antibiofilm activity against S.aureus.The 2 AMPs disrupted cell membranes and caused leakage of S.aureus cell contents.The results indicated that the 3 AMPs in L.serricorne are involved in the innate immunity of this pest insect.These AMPs may have potential as antimicrobial agents for bacterial infection chemotherapy.Hence,data are discussed in relation to new control strategies with greater biosafety against pest insects with use of microbial biocontrol agents in combination with RNA interference against the insect's defensive AMP genes.
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