Sebastian ParuselMin-Hee YiChristine L.HuntLong-Jun Wu...
368-378页
查看更多>>摘要：Chronic pain relief remains an unmet medical need.Current research points to a substantial contribution of glia-neuron interaction in its pathogenesis.Particularly,microglia play a crucial role in the development of chronic pain.To better understand the microglial contribution to chronic pain,specific regional and temporal manipulations of microglia are necessary.Recently,two new approaches have emerged that meet these demands.Chemogenetic tools allow the expression of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs(DREADDs)specifically in microglia.Similarly,optogenetic tools allow for microglial manipulation via the activation of artificially expressed,light-sensitive proteins.Chemo-and optogenetic manipu-lations of microglia in vivo are powerful in interrogating microglial function in chronic pain.This review summarizes these emerging tools in studying the role of microglia in chronic pain and highlights their potential applications in microglia-related neurological disorders.
查看更多>>摘要：Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS)are composed of oligodendrocytes,astrocytes and micro-glia.They contribute more than half of the total cells of the CNS,and are essential for neural development and func-tioning.Studies on the fate specification,differentiation,and functional diversification of glial cells mainly rely on the proper use of cell-or stage-specific molecular markers.However,as cellular markers often exhibit different speci-ficity and sensitivity,careful consideration must be given prior to their application to avoid possible confusion.Here,we provide an updated overview of a list of well-established immunological markers for the labeling of central glia,and discuss the cell-type specificity and stage dependency of their expression.
查看更多>>摘要：Glioma is the most common and lethal intrinsic primary tumor of the brain.Its controversial origins may contribute to its heterogeneity,creating challenges and dif-ficulties in the development of therapies.Among the compo-nents constituting tumors,glioma stem cells are highly plas-tic subpopulations that are thought to be the site of tumor initiation.Neural stem cells/progenitor cells and oligoden-drocyte progenitor cells are possible lineage groups populat-ing the bulk of the tumor,in which gene mutations related to cell-cycle or metabolic enzymes dramatically affect this transformation.Novel approaches have revealed the tumor-promoting properties of distinct tumor cell states,glial,neural,and immune cell populations in the tumor microen-vironment.Communication between tumor cells and other normal cells manipulate tumor progression and influence sensitivity to therapy.Here,we discuss the heterogeneity and relevant functions of tumor cell state,microglia,monocyte-derived macrophages,and neurons in glioma,highlight-ing their bilateral effects on tumors.Finally,we describe potential therapeutic approaches and targets beyond standard treatments.
查看更多>>摘要：For decades,memory research has centered on the role of neurons,which do not function in isolation.How-ever,astrocytes play important roles in regulating neuronal recruitment and function at the local and network levels,forming the basis for information processing as well as memory formation and storage.In this review,we discuss the role of astrocytes in memory functions and their cel-lular underpinnings at multiple time points.We summarize important breakthroughs and controversies in the field as well as potential avenues to further illuminate the role of astrocytes in memory processes.
查看更多>>摘要：Chronic pain is challenging to treat due to the limited therapeutic options and adverse side-effects of ther-apies.Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system and play important roles in different pathological conditions,including chronic pain.Astrocytes regulate nociceptive synaptic transmission and network function via neuron-glia and glia-glia interactions to exag-gerate pain signals under chronic pain conditions.It is also becoming clear that astrocytes play active roles in brain regions important for the emotional and memory-related aspects of chronic pain.Therefore,this review presents our current understanding of the roles of astrocytes in chronic pain,how they regulate nociceptive responses,and their cel-lular and molecular mechanisms of action.
查看更多>>摘要：Non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)are a class of functional RNAs that play critical roles in different dis-eases.NcRNAs include microRNAs,long ncRNAs,and circular RNAs.They are highly expressed in the brain and are involved in the regulation of physiological and patho-physiological processes of central nervous system(CNS)diseases.Mounting evidence indicates that ncRNAs play key roles in CNS diseases.Further elucidating the mechanisms of ncRNA underlying the process of regulating glial func-tion that may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for CNS diseases.
查看更多>>摘要：Myelin-forming oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system(CNS)and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system(PNS)are essential for structural and func-tional homeostasis of nervous tissue.Albeit with certain similarities,the regulation of CNS and PNS myelination is executed differently.Recent advances highlight the coordi-nated regulation of oligodendrocyte myelination by amino-acid sensing and growth factor signaling pathways.In this review,we discuss novel insights into the understanding of differential regulation of oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell biology in CNS and PNS myelination,with particular focus on the roles of growth factor-stimulated RHEB-mTORC1 and GATOR2-mediated amino-acid sensing/signaling path-ways.We also discuss recent progress on the metabolic regu-lation of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and the impact of their dysfunction on neuronal function and disease.
查看更多>>摘要：Multiple sclerosis(MS)is regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and even-tually to neurodegeneration.Activation of innate immune cells and other inflammatory cells in the brain and spinal cord of people with MS has been well described.However,with the innovation of technology in glial cell research,we have a deep understanding of the mechanisms of glial cells connecting inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS.In this review,we focus on the role of glial cells,including microglia,astrocytes,and oligodendrocytes,in the patho-genesis of MS.We mainly focus on the connection between glial cells and immune cells in the process of axonal damage and demyelinating neuron loss.
查看更多>>摘要：The accumulation of pathological α-synuclein(α-syn)in the central nervous system and the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta are the neuropathological features of Parkinson's disease(PD).Recently,the findings of prion-like transmis-sion of α-syn pathology have expanded our understanding of the region-specific distribution of α-syn in PD patients.Accumulating evidence suggests that α-syn aggregates are released from neurons and endocytosed by glial cells,which contributes to the clearance of α-syn.However,the activa-tion of glial cells by α-syn species produces pro-inflamma-tory factors that decrease the uptake of α-syn aggregates by glial cells and promote the transmission of α-syn between neurons,which promotes the spread of α-syn pathology.In this article,we provide an overview of current knowledge on the role of glia and α-syn pathology in PD pathogenesis,highlighting the relationships between glial responses and the spread of α-syn pathology.
NETL
NSTL
万方数据
维普